The Complete Idiots Guide To Simple Home Repair
by Judy Ostrow
A member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
AW[^ZS6][S
@S^OW`
by Judy Ostrow
A member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
AW[^ZS6][S
@S^OW`
This book is dedicated with love to Sam, Adam, and Rachel, my biggest cheerleaders.
/:>6/0==9A
Published by the Penguin Group
Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA
Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3, Canada (a division of Pearson Penguin
Canada Inc.)
Penguin Books Ltd., 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
Penguin Ireland, 25 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd.)
Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty. Ltd.)
Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd., 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi—110 017, India
Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, North Shore, Auckland 1311, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd.)
Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty.) Ltd., 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa
Penguin Books Ltd., Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
1]^g`WUVb %Pg8cRg=ab`]e
/ZZWZZcab`ObW]\aQ]^g`WUVb %Pg9O`S\0c`USaa
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No pat-
ent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been
taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither
is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of information contained herein. For information, address
Alpha Books, 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46240.
THE COMPLETE IDIOT’S GUIDE TO and Design are registered trademarks of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007924618
Interpretation of the printing code: The rightmost number of the first series of numbers is the year of the book’s print-
ing; the rightmost number of the second series of numbers is the number of the book’s printing. For example, a printing
code of 07-1 shows that the first printing occurred in 2007.
Note: This publication contains the opinions and ideas of its author. It is intended to provide helpful and informative
material on the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the author and publisher are not engaged
in rendering professional services in the book. If the reader requires personal assistance or advice, a competent profes-
sional should be consulted.
The author and publisher specifically disclaim any responsibility for any liability, loss, or risk, personal or otherwise,
which is incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this book.
Publisher: Marie Butler-Knight
Editorial Director/Acquiring Editor: Mike Sanders
Managing Editor: Billy Fields
Development Editor: Lynn Northrup
Senior Production Editor: Janette Lynn
Copy Editor: Ross Patty
Illustrator: Karen Burgess
Cartoonist: Richard King
Book Designer: Trina Wurst
Indexer: Brad Herriman
Layout: Chad Dressler
Proofreader: Aaron Black,
John Etchison, Mary Hunt
ISBN: 1-101-03585-4
1]\bS\baObO5ZO\QS
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
1 Your Personal Tool Kit 3
What equipment is essential for home repair? Tools can be
categorized by the functions they perform; here’s an illustrated
and organized list you can use.
2 Your Most Important Tool: The Safety Drill 21
Here’s the gear and the rules you need to stay safe when you
work on your house. Learn which jobs require professional
help.
3 Your Supply Closet 31
Gather an inventory of materials for home repair, including
first-aid supplies for your house and leftovers from home proj-
ects that you won’t want to throw away.
4 A Map of Your World 41
Find the systems that power your home. Learn to operate their
controls, and know what to do in case of an emergency.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua #!
5 Walls: From Trash Talk to Smooth Talk 55
Here is advice and detailed repair instructions for all types
of surface materials, including drywall, plaster, tile, and
wallpaper.
6 Floors and Ceilings: Beneath Your Feet and (Not Really)
Over Your Head 77
Repair blemishes to your hardwood floors, learn how to repair
a resilient floor, and clean up carpet stains.
7 Stairs: A Few Steps to a Happy Landing 103
Silence squeaks and tighten treads. Make sure that rails and
balusters are solid. Keep children and elders safe around stair-
ways.
8 Getting Clear About Windows 113
How to deal with windows that get stuck or rattle. Avoid
pane pain: learn to replace broken glass and worn screens.
BVS1][^ZSbS7RW]ba5cWRSb]AW[^ZS6][S@S^OW`
Wd
9 Doors: An Open-and-Shut Case 133
Understand the parts of a door and how to keep them working
together so they don’t stick—or stay open when you want them
closed.
>O`b!( BVS1W`QcZOb]`gAgabS[(>Zc[PW\UO\R4Wfbc`Sa #
10 Solving Pipe Problems 153
Thaw pipes that have frozen and get tips for preventing
future freeze-ups. Protect outside faucets from winter’s chill,
clear clogs from the sink, and rescue valuables that go down
the drain.
11 Controlling the Flow: Faucets, Sprays, and Showerheads 167
Check out the four main faucet types and how to repair them.
Clean a spitting faucet or a showerhead with a flawed flow.
Figure out how to make a sink stopper pop after it’s flopped.
12 Tub and Toilet Techniques 183
Spot-repair a tub surface and prevent leaks around the tub.
Clear and prevent a clogged tub drain. Understand how your
toilet works and diagnose various problems.
>O`b"( ;WaaW]\1]\b`]Z(EW`W\U/^^ZWO\QSa6SObW\UO\R1]]ZW\U '%
13 In the Loop: Understanding Your Wiring 199
Understand your home’s electrical system and how to control
its circuits. Map your own system, and make simple diagnoses,
repairs, and replacements.
14 Smooth Transitions: Cleaning and Replacing Filters
and Hoses 213
Change and replace the filters and hoses associated with wash-
ers, dryers, air conditioners, furnaces, and stovetops.
15 Appliance Repairs 223
Find an appliance model number and use manuals and help
lines to troubleshoot appliance problems. Learn some easy
repair techniques for common appliance ailments.
16 Heating and Cooling 235
Understand the basics about your equipment and how to rec-
ognize problems. Extend your water heater’s life expectancy by
learning to drain it and replace a crucial part.
d
>O`b#( >`SdS\bWdS;OW\bS\O\QS(AOTSbgO\RC^YSS^ #
17 Safety Must-Haves 253
Get the facts about installing and using smoke detectors,
carbon monoxide detectors, and fire extinguishers. Develop a
family emergency escape plan.
18 Preventing Repairs: Inside Maintenance 263
Inspect your home twice yearly for small defects before they
become big problems. Find out what tools you need and what
to look for. Prevent pest problems.
19 Preventing Repairs: Outside Maintenance 273
Give your home’s exterior a closer look. Fix the landscape and
drainage system so that your home’s big enemies—water and
weather—can’t get started on a destructive path.
/^^S\RWfSa
A Glossary 283
B Online Resources 287
C Home Inspection Checklists 293
Index 305
1]\bS\baObO5ZO\QS
1]\bS\ba
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
G]c`>S`a]\OZB]]Z9Wb !
Quality Counts ...............................................................................4
Measure Up: Rule(r)s of the Road.................................................4
Make Your Mark.............................................................................6
The Cutting Edge: Sharp Helpers ................................................7
Putting It Together: Tools for Fastening and Joining ..................9
Basic Tools...................................................................................10
Specialized Tools..........................................................................11
Demolition Derby: Tools That Take Things Apart....................12
The One Tool You Can’t Live Without......................................14
Power.........................................................................................15
Speed..........................................................................................15
Keyless Chuck .............................................................................16
Screwdriving ..............................................................................16
Helpful Bits About Drilling ........................................................16
Put It There! Applying the Right Stuff.......................................17
Hold It! Transporting Your Tools................................................17
I Can See Clearly Now ................................................................19
Your Work Space..........................................................................19
G]c`;]ab7[^]`bO\bB]]Z(BVSAOTSbg2`WZZ
Good Safety Habits......................................................................22
Safety Gear: The Basics ...............................................................23
The Job Site..................................................................................25
The Ups and Downs of Ladder Safety........................................26
Choosing a Ladder ......................................................................26
Using a Ladder...........................................................................27
Knowing Your Limits: When to Call a Pro ................................29
! G]c`Ac^^Zg1Z]aSb !
DIY Depot: Storing Your Repair Stuff........................................32
The Supply Side ...........................................................................32
Keep It Moving: Lubricants ........................................................32
Keep It Together: Adhesives .........................................................33
Fill the Gap................................................................................34
BVS1][^ZSbS7RW]ba5cWRSb]AW[^ZS6][S@S^OW`
dWWW
Cover It Up................................................................................34
Rub It Off: Abrasives..................................................................34
More Togetherness: A Quick Guide to Fasteners ..........................35
Hold It: Containers.....................................................................37
In Case of Small Water Emergencies..........................................37
Storing Those Leftovers! .............................................................39
" /;O^]TG]c`E]`ZR "
The Main Thing: Your Home’s Power Centers .........................42
Finding the Flow: Your Water Supply.........................................42
Oh, Well.....................................................................................44
Where the Well Water Goes........................................................44
Your Gas System (Outside the House)........................................45
If You Smell Gas.........................................................................45
Other Gas Controls.....................................................................45
Your Electric Service ....................................................................47
A Workbook for Your Home .......................................................49
Appliance and Fixture Use and Care Manuals ............................50
Receipts and Manufacturer’s/Dealer’s Warranties ........................51
Equipment Manuals or Schematics..............................................51
A Circuit Map of Your Home......................................................51
Service Records ...........................................................................52
Other Workbook Items ................................................................52
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua #!
# EOZZa(4`][B`OaVBOZYb]A[]]bVBOZY ##
Minor Drywall Repairs ................................................................56
Repairing Dings and Dents.........................................................56
Popped Nails...............................................................................58
Patching Holes............................................................................60
Loose Drywall Tape.....................................................................62
Repairing Cracks in Plaster..........................................................62
Grout and Tile Crackups.............................................................64
Replacing Grout..........................................................................65
Replacing a Ceramic Tile ............................................................67
Minor Wallpaper Repairs.............................................................70
Bursting Those Bubbles ...............................................................71
Flattening Flappy Seams.............................................................72
Patching a Torn Section of Wallpaper..........................................73
1]\bS\ba
Wf
$ 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`
6SOR %
%
Wood Floors: Skin Repair............................................................78
Water Marks..............................................................................78
Burn Marks ...............................................................................79
Scratches and Gouges ..................................................................80
Preventing Blemishes ..................................................................80
Floorboard Fixes...........................................................................80
Drilling Pilot Holes ....................................................................81
Split or Cracked Boards...............................................................81
More Bit Bits..............................................................................83
Warped Boards ...........................................................................84
Loose Boards ...............................................................................85
Stopping Squeaks........................................................................87
Getting at Squeaks from Down Under........................................88
Resilient Floor Fixes.....................................................................89
Replacing a Vinyl Tile.................................................................90
Patching Sheet Flooring..............................................................92
Ceramic Tile Floor Repairs .........................................................93
Carpet Capers...............................................................................93
Taking Up a Wall-to-Wall Carpet ..............................................93
Dealing with Spots and Spills......................................................94
When Spot Makes a Spot............................................................96
Replacing a Stained or Damaged Section of Carpet......................97
First Aid for Floating Laminate Floors .......................................99
Ceiling Repairs ...........................................................................100
% AbOW`a(/4SeAbS^ab]O6O^^g:O\RW\U !
Parts of a Staircase......................................................................104
Silencing Squeaks .......................................................................104
A Lube Job ...............................................................................104
Repairing Squeaks from Below the Stairs ..................................105
Fixing the Squeak or Loose Tread from Above...........................106
Getting a Grip on Handrails ....................................................108
Off-Base Balusters ....................................................................109
Safe Stairs ...................................................................................110
Elder Safety..............................................................................110
Kidproofing the Stairs...............................................................111
BVS1][^ZSbS7RW]ba5cWRSb]AW[^ZS6][S@S^OW`
f
& 5SbbW\U1ZSO`/P]cbEW\R]ea !
What a Pane! Parts of a Window ..............................................114
How Double-Hung Windows Work.........................................115
Stubborn Stuck Sash ..................................................................116
Wait and See ............................................................................116
Gentle Tap, Tap, Tapping..........................................................116
Don’t Want to Pry, But … .......................................................117
Windows That Won’t Stay Open..............................................119
When Windows Break...............................................................121
Screen Test..................................................................................124
Screen Repairs ............................................................................125
Small Holes ..............................................................................125
Replacing Screens......................................................................126
Installing Security Pins in Windows..........................................129
' 2]]`a(/\=^S\O\RAVcb1OaS !!
Anatomy of a Door.....................................................................134
Silencing the Talking Door........................................................135
Tightening Loose Hinges..........................................................136
Fix #1: Gum Up the Holes .......................................................137
Fix #2: Longer Screws ..............................................................137
Sticking Doors............................................................................138
Doors That Won’t Stay Closed .................................................138
Getting a Grip on Doorknobs ...................................................140
Tighten a Loose Knob................................................................141
Replacing a Passage, Privacy, or Keyed Entry Lockset ................143
Screen and Storm Doors............................................................143
Adjusting the Door Closer.........................................................144
If You Need a New Closer .........................................................145
Lock and Key Dilemmas............................................................145
Key Sticks in the Lock ...............................................................145
Key Breaks Off in the Lock .......................................................145
Lock Is Frozen ..........................................................................146
Locked in (Privacy Lock)...........................................................146
Installing a Peephole ..................................................................146
Sliding Door Fixes......................................................................148
Wobbly Tracks...........................................................................148
Dirty Tracks .............................................................................148
Bent Track................................................................................149
Securing a Sliding Door............................................................149
1]\bS\ba
fW
>O`b!( BVS1W`QcZOb]`gAgabS[(>Zc[PW\UO\R4Wfbc`Sa #
A]ZdW\U>W^S>`]PZS[a #!
Small Leaks: Emergency Fix......................................................154
Thawing Frozen Pipes ...............................................................156
Hot Water Thaw ......................................................................157
Applied Heat Thaw: Beware!....................................................157
Preventing Frozen Pipes ...........................................................157
Another Cold Subject: Winterizing an Outside Faucet............158
Pipe Down! Quieting Noisy Pipes ............................................159
Preventing Drainage Disasters ..................................................160
Unclogging a Sink......................................................................161
Chemical Reactions ...................................................................161
Taking the Plunge.....................................................................161
Meet the Sink Trap ....................................................................162
Clearing the Trap .....................................................................163
When Valuables Go Down the Drain ........................................165
1]\b`]ZZW\UbVS4Z]e(4OcQSbaA^`OgaO\RAV]eS`VSORa $%
Faucet Facts ................................................................................168
Faucet Fix Prep List .................................................................168
Fixing a Leaky Compression Faucet...........................................169
Still Dripping? .........................................................................172
Fixing a Leaky Rotary Ball Faucet............................................172
Repairing a Cartridge Faucet....................................................174
Ceramic Disk Faucet Fix ..........................................................175
Cleaning a Clogged Aerator ......................................................177
Brushing Up on Showerheads ...................................................178
Cleaning Showerhead Outlet Holes ...........................................179
Removing/Replacing a Showerhead ...........................................179
When the Pop-Up Stopper Flops .............................................180
BcPO\RB]WZSbBSQV\W_cSa &!
Bathtubs: The Surface Story......................................................184
Concealing Surface Flaws in Porcelain-Enameled Cast Iron.......184
Renewing a Scratched Acrylic Tub .............................................185
Waterproofing Around the Bathtub ..........................................185
Clearing a Tub Clog...................................................................187
Pop-Up Stopper ........................................................................187
Strainer....................................................................................187
BVS1][^ZSbS7RW]ba5cWRSb]AW[^ZS6][S@S^OW`
fWW
Take the Plunge ........................................................................188
The Worst Case: Toilet Clogs ...................................................188
Low-Tech De-Clogging .............................................................188
The Toilet Plunge .....................................................................189
Other Toilet Trouble..................................................................190
Inside the Tank: A Toilet’s Vital Organs ....................................191
Stopping a Running Toilet.........................................................192
Worn-Out Float Ball ................................................................192
Float Ball Won’t Rise................................................................193
Tank Stopper Won’t Close .........................................................193
The Flush Is Weak .....................................................................194
Leak or Sweat? ...........................................................................194
When the Toilet Rocks ..............................................................195
>O`b"( ;WaaW]\1]\b`]Z(EW`W\U/^^ZWO\QSa6SObW\UO\R1]]ZW\U '%
! 7\bVS:]]^(C\RS`abO\RW\UG]c`EW`W\U ''
Time to Call a Pro?....................................................................200
Your Electricity Dictionary........................................................200
Mapping Your Electrical System ...............................................201
Calculating the Load on Your System.......................................204
Receptacle ID .............................................................................205
But Is It Grounded? ...................................................................207
GFCI: Initials You Need to Know ............................................208
Shattered! Replacing a Bulb That Breaks in Its Fixture...........209
" A[]]bVB`O\aWbW]\a(1ZSO\W\UO\R@S^ZOQW\U4WZbS`aO\R6]aSa !
De-Linting the Clothes Dryer...................................................214
Clothes Washer Hoses and Filters ............................................215
Replacing Washing Machine Supply Hoses.................................215
About Metal Mesh Household Hoses ..........................................217
Cleaning and Replacing Washing Machine Water Inlet Filters...218
Cleaning the Room Air Conditioner Filter...............................219
Cleaning or Replacing a Forced-Air Furnace Filter.................220
Cleaning a Range Hood Filter...................................................220
# /^^ZWO\QS@S^OW`a !
Ailing Appliances: Diagnosis......................................................224
What’s Your Model? .................................................................224
Troubleshooting.........................................................................225
1]\bS\ba
fWWW
Manufacturer Help...................................................................225
Refrigerator Repairs...................................................................226
Keeping Your Cool.....................................................................226
Poor Door Seal .........................................................................226
Cleaning Condenser Coils..........................................................227
Water in the Cabinet ................................................................228
Closing the Open Door..............................................................229
Water Underneath the Refrigerator..........................................230
Leaky Drip Pan........................................................................230
Leaky Icemaker Supply Line .....................................................230
Dishwasher Dilemmas................................................................230
Leaky Drain Connection ...........................................................231
Dirty Dishes .............................................................................231
Washing Machines: On the Move? ...........................................231
Jammin’ with Your Garbage Disposal .......................................232
Service Calls and Replacement..................................................234
$ 6SObW\UO\R1]]ZW\U !#
Maintenance of Heating/Cooling Equipment ..........................236
Gas Heat.....................................................................................236
Oil Heat......................................................................................237
Electric Heat...............................................................................239
Troubleshooting Your Heating System .....................................239
Gas Furnace .............................................................................240
Lighting the Pilot—or Not?......................................................240
Electric Heat.............................................................................241
Oil Furnace/Boiler....................................................................241
DIY Heating System Maintenance............................................242
Filtering Forced Air Systems.....................................................242
Ducts, Vents, and Registers........................................................242
Cleaning Radiators ...................................................................243
Bleeding Radiators ....................................................................243
Steam Heat ..............................................................................244
Water Heaters ............................................................................245
Basic Water Heater Anatomy....................................................245
Testing the Pressure Relief Valve ...............................................246
Replacing the Pressure Relief Valve............................................247
Draining the Water Heater ......................................................248
Central Air..................................................................................248
BVS1][^ZSbS7RW]ba5cWRSb]AW[^ZS6][S@S^OW`
fWd
>O`b#( >`SdS\bWdS;OW\bS\O\QS(AOTSbgO\RC^YSS^ #
% AOTSbg;cab6OdSa #!
Your #1 Safety Device: Smoke Detectors..................................254
Chirpy Smoke Detector .............................................................254
Testing the Smoke Detector Alarm ............................................255
Replacing the Batteries..............................................................255
Smoke Detector Placement ........................................................256
Carbon Monoxide Detector.......................................................256
Installing the CO Detector ........................................................257
Replacing the CO Detector Battery............................................257
If the CO Alarm Goes Off ........................................................257
Fire Extinguisher Facts ..............................................................258
Using the Extinguisher .............................................................259
Storing the Extinguisher...........................................................259
Maintaining the Extinguisher...................................................259
Emergency Exit: Your Family Plan ...........................................260
Your Little Red Book .................................................................261
& >`SdS\bW\U@S^OW`a(7\aWRS;OW\bS\O\QS $!
Your House Detective Tool Kit .................................................264
Tools .........................................................................................264
The Lists ..................................................................................264
Inspection Checklists: How to Use Them................................265
Basement/Utility/Laundry Room ..............................................265
Bathrooms ................................................................................266
Kitchen.....................................................................................267
Attic/Under Roof Crawl Space ..................................................268
General Inspection ....................................................................268
Keeping Out Water and Critters...............................................269
Screening Attic Vents ................................................................269
Rodent-Proofing Gaps...............................................................270
Planning Ahead for Maintenance ..............................................271
' >`SdS\bW\U@S^OW`a(=cbaWRS;OW\bS\O\QS %!
Outside Inspection .....................................................................274
Foundation ...............................................................................274
Walls, Windows, and Doors.......................................................275
Roof..........................................................................................276
Landscape .................................................................................276
1]\bS\ba
fd
Maintaining Your Home’s Exterior ...........................................277
Gutters and Drainage.................................................................277
How Gutters Work ...................................................................277
Cleaning Gutters and Downspouts.............................................278
Directing Water Flow: Extenders and Splash Blocks ..................279
Small Gutter Repairs................................................................280
Driveway Repair.........................................................................280
Finding and Using a Pro............................................................281
/^^S\RWfSa
/ 5Z]aaO`g &!
0 =\ZW\S@Sa]c`QSa &
%
1 6][S7\a^SQbW]\1VSQYZWaba '
!
7\RSf !#
7\b`]RcQbW]\
There’s a truism about houses: sooner or later, whatever can go wrong, will go wrong.
Most people recognize this phrase as Murphy’s Law, but after twenty-five years of fix-
ing things, I know that it’s also the First Law of Homeownership.
Because stuff goes bad—often in a hurry, usually when you least expect it, and most
likely when there’s a tiny balance in your checking account—being able to diagnose a
small problem before it’s a big one, and even fix it yourself, is a very nice aptitude to
develop.
That’s what got me excited about writing The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Simple Home
Repair.
After about a year in our first house, we had a new baby and lots of bills, and the First
Law of Homeownership kicked in. Pipes froze, the pump died, and the gutters started
leaking. I noticed that moss was growing on the garage roof! My husband traveled
all the time, and so the ball was in my court. I had to fix some of this stuff myself, or
we’d go bust paying repair people.
So I took the next step: I started learning about my house’s structure, systems, and
appliances, and started down the DIY highway.
I was a bit tentative at first, but the simple repairs I completed successfully encouraged
me to try others. When I did call repairmen, I asked them to explain what they were
doing, and why. I picked their brains about the finer points of my house’s plumbing,
wiring, heating, and appliances. Pretty soon, my friends were calling me to walk them
through the fixes for their own appliance breakdowns and plumbing disasters.
In this book, I pass along what I’ve learned, along with lots of good advice from fel-
low DIY-ers and seasoned pros. I hope you find that acquiring these skills is fun and
empowering. And I hope that the knowledge will save you money; it’s saved me and
my family plenty!
Taking care of a home is quite a bit like taking care of ourselves; keeping it in shape
requires maintenance and, when needed, tweaks and touch-ups to keep it looking and
functioning at its best. Like our own bodies, a home has lots of parts and systems that
need care and attention. We can do a good portion of the work ourselves. And when
things happen that are beyond our scope and ability, we call in an expert.
This book will acquaint you with many modest efforts you can make yourself to keep
a house in shape. It’s designed as a sensible, starter volume for someone who’s never
worked on a house before but wants to learn. It tells you what tools you need, and
how to work safely. There are no big, complicated repairs here—no major surgery.
But you’ll find lots of step-by-step instructions, many illustrated, to help you become
well acquainted with your house and take a role in its well-being.
BVS1][^ZSbS7RW]ba5cWRSb]AW[^ZS6][S@S^OW`
fdWWW
6]eb]CaSBVWa0]]Y
The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Simple Home Repair contains 19 chapters and 3 helpful
appendixes. Here’s how it’s structured:
Part 1, “Getting to Know Your House,” is a beginner’s guide to equip and prepare
yourself for doing home repairs effectively and safely. It tells you everything you need
to know about the tools, supplies, and safety equipment that anyone interested in DIY
repairs should have. It also provides you with an orientation about your home’s sys-
tems, and how you can control them.
Part 2, “Skin Deep: Repairing Surfaces and Openings,” teaches you some basic
repair techniques you’ll use for your home’s most visible parts. You’ll find out how to
make dinged and dented walls and ceilings look new, and remove some of the squeaks
and bounces in floors and stairs. This section will also help you get your home’s sim-
plest moving parts—the windows and doors—moving smoothly.
Part 3, “The Circulatory System: Plumbing and Fixtures,” deals with all the
places where water runs through your home: kitchens, baths, and the supply lines that
deliver this most necessary element to the fixtures you use every day. Tackle emer-
gency repairs and learn the techniques to address minor problems with plumbing fix-
tures and fittings.
Part 4, “Mission Control: Wiring, Appliances, Heating, and Cooling,” covers
the systems and conveniences that make your home run like it’s the twenty-first cen-
tury. While your wiring, many appliances, and the heating system in your home may
be complex and major repair beyond your beginner’s scope and talents, you can learn
some simple fixes and do some needed maintenance on your own.
Part 5, “Preventive Maintenance: Safety and Upkeep,” teaches you about install-
ing, maintaining, and using the necessary equipment for home safety. It also provides
you with a routine to keep up with the maintenance of your house, inside and out, to
prevent small problems from becoming larger ones.
To round out your beginner skills, you’ll find a Glossary of the specialized vocabulary
for house parts, systems, and repair techniques you should know; a chapter-by-chapter
list of Online Resources for additional information about specific repairs, tools, mate-
rials, and training; and helpful Home Inspection Checklists that you can photocopy
and use to keep track of your home’s condition—both inside and out—on a regular
basis.
fWf
3fb`Oa
For every repair in the book that requires tools and materials, you’ll find a helpful
checklist to gather what you need. And in every chapter are little helpful nuggets to
further expand your knowledge without flipping back and forth in the book. Watch
for them:
The boxes quickly clarify words and phrases related to house parts and home repair
that you may not have encountered before.
These little “red flags” let you know when you must be extra careful, or when you
can take some action to save time or money.
Ounce of Prevention
Experienced DIY-ers and repair people who fix houses for a living know a lot of
facts and shortcuts. Get their tips here!
What Pros Know
/QY\]eZSRU[S\ba
For as long as I’ve been learning about home repair, I’ve had patient, willing teachers
to guide me in learning the empowering secrets of getting hands-on with a house. And
I am so appreciative that because of them, I’ve developed some mechanical know-how
that I would otherwise have never possessed.
First there was my dad, who engaged me with the sweet smells of the lumber yard,
deep bins of nails, screws, nuts, and bolts, the mysteries of his big metal tool box, and
all those gadgets in the basement. He could fix anything; I am still in awe.
I bow to my first carpentry teachers, Patti Garbeck and Lizabeth Moniz, who helped
me get past the noise and speed of power tools and tame, if not defeat, the fear factor.
They’ll both tell you that respect for your tools and what they can do is a good thing.
For learning about my own houses I owe a lot of helpful and talkative (once I got
them started) contractors: Steve Sferra, Richard Gates, Bob Warner, Todd Lawson,
Curt Haskell, and many others who’ve let me look over their shoulders.
7\b`]RcQbW]\
BVS1][^ZSbS7RW]ba5cWRSb]AW[^ZS6][S@S^OW`
ff
A great hardware guy or woman is invaluable when you’re looking for just the right
tool, material, or part for a job. Thanks to Joe di Pietro, Jr., at Chubby’s Hardware in
Pound Ridge, New York. Whenever I was stumped, he could point the way. I hope
everyone who reads this book can find a hardware salesperson as helpful.
On safety issues, thanks to Lorraine Carli, a spokesperson at the National Fire
Protection Association, for her help with a most important subject.
For the ways of old doors and doorknobs, I thank Mike at Old House Parts, in
Kennebunk, Maine.
For her pictures that saved me thousands of words, I am deeply grateful to my illus-
trator, Karen Burgess, whose clean and beautiful drawings will surely help any begin-
ning repair person. And to her model, Lisa McCarthy, thanks for demonstrating some
intricate repair moves that made the illustrations just right.
I deeply appreciate the editorial assistance that made the book’s concept a reality.
Mike Sanders at Alpha Books set everything in motion. Warmest thanks are also
due to Lynn Northrup, Jan Lynn, and Ross Patty, whose thoughtful suggestions and
unflagging attention made the journey through their word processors feel like a spa
makeover. I am also grateful for the encouragement of my agent, Bob Diforio, without
whom this wonderful project would not have come my way.
B`ORS[O`Ya
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be or are suspected of being
trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Alpha Books and
Penguin Group (USA) Inc. cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a
term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or
service mark.
1
>O`b
Of course, your house is more than the sum of its many parts: it’s your
home. But even before you start the little jobs that will make it look better
or run more smoothly, you need to know some basic information.
First of all, the right tool makes common repairs easier and quicker, and
you should acquire a basic assortment. Also, if you’re going to do repairs
yourself, you need to do them safely. There are a few important rules for
keeping you, your family, and your home safe when doing repairs, and
they’re simple to learn. Next, you need a few basic supplies that you can use
for a variety of repairs, as well as a couple of things that will serve you well
in small emergencies. And finally, if your house has electric power, a gas
supply, and running water, you need to know where the main controls for
each system are located, and how to start and stop them.
Even if you were never a Scout as a kid, the organization’s motto is a good
one: “Be prepared.” By the time you finish Part 1, you’ll be equipped and
ready for lots of the little glitches and mishaps that homeownership is sure
to send your way.
5SbbW\Ub]9\]e
G]c`6]caS
1
1VO^bS`
G]c`>S`a]\OZB]]Z9Wb
7\BVWa1VO^bS`
U
When it comes to tools, quality counts
U
The basic categories of tools
U
Must-have tools in your starter set
U
The one power tool you’ll need for repairs
U
How to choose the right tools for you
I’ve never tried it, but I could probably knit a sweater using two pencils,
and coax a nail out of the wall with the tip of a metal ruler. But pencils
weren’t designed for knitting, and the ruler isn’t really a nail-pulling tool.
Having the right equipment for a task usually makes the work easier,
quicker, and safer.
Home repair and improvement can be broken down into a handful of
actions: measuring and marking, cutting, fastening and joining, taking apart
(also known as demolition), and applying. A few tools can do more than
one thing, but this way of sorting them will help you remember what their
primary use is.
If you can, hold a new tool in your hand before you buy it; it should be a
comfortable fit, like a good pair of shoes!
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
"
?cOZWbg1]c\ba
You can buy a cheap set of tools, and they’ll probably work fine, at least for a while.
Expect to replace the bargains after a couple of years. Often made of lesser-grade met-
als and plastic, the tips, teeth, and edges of inexpensive tools will show wear sooner,
rather than later. When it comes to tools, quality counts … and costs. Most of the
well-known brand name manufacturers produce tools at differing quality levels, with
professional grade being the best and most expensive of the lot. Good tools will prob-
ably last a lifetime, and you can leave best-quality equipment to your grandchildren!
Sets of multiple sizes of screwdrivers, wrenches, and the like will be cheaper than
buying each item singly. However, unless you’re planning to repair your whole house
yourself, unassisted by friends or hired hands who have their own tools, don’t go over-
board. Buy the best equipment you can afford and, except for the most basic tools, buy
them as you need them.
If cash is tight, and you’re really good about returning things you borrow, neighbors
and friends might loan you their equipment. Take good care of borrowed tools, and
return them promptly. Most folks I know are very possessive of their toolbox, and want
things returned in the same condition as when they were loaned. If your borrowing
etiquette is poor, most lenders won’t give you a second chance!
;SOac`SC^(@cZS`a]TbVS@]OR
A sturdy 20- or 25-foot retractable measuring tape is indispensable for all kinds of jobs
around the house. Some people opt for the lighter-weight, 12-foot model, but eventu-
ally realize that the longer one is more versatile.
These come in plastic or metal cases, and the best have a stop lever so that you can
extend and hold the tape in its extended position, without holding on to the case. This
is a particularly good feature when you’re marking the distance of long runs around a
room.
About those little tick marks along the tape: carpenters can tell at a glance whether a
mark indicates 7
3
/
8
inches or 7
5
/
8
. If you’re not so good at fractions, get a tape with
a fractional read. This measure has the intervals—eighths, quarters, and halves of
inches—marked clearly with the appropriate fraction, so you don’t need to guess.
Better-quality tapes also have a clasp that makes it easy to attach the case to your belt
while working, so you don’t have to constantly hunt for it.
1VO^bS`( G]c`>S`a]\OZB]]Z9Wb #
A metal ruler—also known as a straightedge—is another handy device for measuring.
It serves as a ruler and as a rigid guide for a utility knife or glass cutter when you want
to score a surface. An 18" straightedge is a good size for lots of jobs. Straightedges are
also available in plastic; metal is slightly more expensive but much more durable.
A speed square has a lot of uses in carpentry, allowing you to mark angles, then draw
guidelines. One of the straight sides of this triangular device has a lip, which can fit
along the edge of a piece of material (a 2×4 piece of framing lumber, for example)
letting its other straight side serve as a guide for marking/cutting a piece of wood or
other material at a perfectly perpendicular angle (90 degrees). Speed squares are made
in metal and plastic; I like the heft and feel of the metal variety.
Unless you’re planning to do lots of carpentry, you don’t need a big, fancy, and
expensive carpenter’s level. Instead, opt for a small torpedo level, so called because of
its shape, to check whether shelves, rods, curtain poles, doors, and other household
objects are hanging straight horizontally (level) or vertically (plumb). The torpedo
level is one type of spirit level, so called because the measuring device employs a vial
filled with liquid, usually ethanol—the “spirit”—containing an air bubble that falls
between guidelines when the instrument rests plumb or level.
Carpenter’s
pencil
Measuring and marking tools.
Measuring
tape
Straightedge
Speed
square
Torpedo
level
Awl
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
$
;OYSG]c`;O`Y
An awl is a tool with a handle attached to a slim metal shaft with a pointed tip; it looks
like a miniature ice pick. It can punch a hole in a piece of leather or a strip of wood,
but for our purposes, it’s a great way to scratch-mark the location for a new screw or
nail on a wall or other surface.
An awl is one of those tools you can pick up for a quarter at a tag sale. Some older
models have nice wooden handles. Just make sure that the shaft is firmly attached to
the handle, or the tool is useless.
If you like to stash your pencil behind your ear, any sharpened #2 pencil is a good
marker for your measurements and guidelines. A lot of pros think the garden-variety
yellow pencil is just fine, too, but some like the carpenter’s pencil, which can be sharp-
ened with a utility knife and won’t roll away. It looks like a regular pencil flattened by
a steamroller! One disadvantage is that the carpenter model does not have an eraser
attached; carpenters may not need erasers when they make marks, but sometimes new-
bie DIY-ers (do-it-yourselfers) do!
Sometimes using a pencil line as the guide for installing a fastener or making a cut
leaves a mark that’s wiggly, and leaves you scratching your head about the right loca-
tion. Or, you used a dull pencil and the line is too thick to be precise. Instead, mark
the right spot with a V. Put the point of the V at the spot you measured (see next fig-
ure). Then your nail or cut will be true to your intentions.
There’s an old saying—a carpenter’s old saw, to be precise—that goes, “Measure twice,
cut once.” This alludes to the importance of making good measurements, then check-
ing them before you pick up your other tools.
When I first learned to use a circular saw, I measured twice, then turned on this most
awe-inspiring power tool and made my cut. The cut was perfect, but my measurement
was not; my piece was off by a quarter inch! I had to put my beautiful 2×4 in the “use
later” pile for another part of the cabin I was working on.
Scrap you don’t use becomes expensive trash. Until I mastered measuring, I always
measured three times, or until I got the same measurement twice in a row. DIY 101-
ers, take heed!
Though its name sounds like a guided weapon, a torpedo level is easily dam-
aged. If you drop it, it may no longer read true. So handle it with care!
Ounce of Prevention
1VO^bS`( G]c`>S`a]\OZB]]Z9Wb %
BVS1cbbW\U3RUS(AVO`^6SZ^S`a
You need just a few sharp tools for most of the cutting you’ll do for basic improve-
ments and repairs.
I don’t know about your house, but in mine, scissors tend to migrate, like all those
socks that disappear in the dryer, never to be seen again. To remind yourself to return
them to your toolbox when you’ve “borrowed” them for another purpose, take a piece
of masking tape and label your toolbox scissors (“Mom’s toolbox,” or “Dad’s toolbox,”
or “My toolbox”) so they aren’t MIA when you need them. Sturdy scissors with 5"
blades should handle most cutting tasks nicely.
There are so many uses for a utility knife around the house that a list of them could
practically fill this book. Although you can pick up a plastic, pencil-sized, 99-cent
model at most hardware checkout counters,
invest in the standard, palm-filling metal
model. It fits comfortably in your hand, and
you can adjust and retract the blade with a
simple lever. Plus, it uses disposable blades
that can be stored inside the handle. It costs a
couple of bucks and will last a lifetime.
Wire cutters do what they say. In a pinch, you can repeatedly twist a wire until it breaks
from all the abuse, but a wire cutter does the job in a single snip!
V-mark measurement.
The blade of a utility knife
is very sharp. Always keep
the business end retracted when
you’re not using the knife.
Ounce of Prevention
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
&
When you’re learning repair and DIY skills, the most versatile hand saw for cutting
wood is called, simply, a toolbox saw; it has a fairly short blade (about 15 inches or so),
and is easy to use. Look for a model that can be re-sharpened, as all saws will lose
their edge over time. The toolbox saw is good for making short cuts; remember only
to apply pressure on your downstroke (push).
Although it may look scary, it works great. I’d never seen a Japanese pull saw before I
took a course in carpentry for women a few years ago. The one pictured is a double-
edged saw; one side has coarse rip teeth for cutting wood with the grain, and the other
side has more closely spaced cross-cut teeth, for (did you guess?) cutting across the
grain. It looks like a most imposing spatula, and unlike the American toolbox saw, it
cuts on the pull stroke—a much easier and more elegant way to saw, to my way of
thinking. And when the saw gets dull, you can buy a replacement blade.
Japanese pull saw
Cutting tools.
Scissors
Utility
knife
Wire
cutters
Toolbox saw
1VO^bS`( G]c`>S`a]\OZB]]Z9Wb '
>cbbW\U7bB]USbVS`(B]]ZaT]`4OabS\W\UO\R8]W\W\U
Nail meets wall, screw meets joist. Putting things together is a major part of home
repair and improvement. Having a good selection of tools to make this togetherness
happen is an important facet of homeownership. Because, as you will discover, things
meant to be together will sometimes fall apart!
The first time I used a toolbox saw, I started hacking away, using pressure while
I pushed down and pressure when I pulled back. Being a more sensitive creature
than you’d think, the saw bucked and whined, and later, my husband accused me
of dulling the blade. He was right! Saws cut one way; most American saws will
cut on the push—the downstroke; Japanese saws will cut on the pull movement. I never
noticed this little wrinkle when I was growing up, watching my Dad do stuff around
the house. But now I know. If you get a chance to try before you buy, you can decide
which type of saw you prefer.
What Pros Know
Fastening/joining tools.
Phillips screwdriver
16-ounce claw hammer
Rubber mallet
Nail set
Standard
screwdriver
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
0OaWQB]]Za
A hammer is such a basic piece of equipment that it should be anyone’s going-away
present when leaving the comfort of Mom and Dad’s house, where things so magically
stayed together. A 16-ounce claw hammer, with a curved claw for pulling out nailing
mistakes, is a good basic size and style. You can tell the difference between this one
and the larger framing hammer (for putting up walls and other work requiring nail-
ing above one’s head, or at funny angles), because the framing hammer has a longer
handle.
There is usually such an array of hammers at the home center or hardware store that
you may have trouble choosing. Pick what feels good in your hand. Don’t choke up on
the hammer handle, but use the handle as an extension of your arm. If the 16-ounce
model feels too heavy, drop down to a 12-ounce. But don’t go for a cheap, wimpy, 7-
ounce hammer (these are sometimes part of an equally cheap set of fastening/joining
tools). This mini is good for tacks but not much else.
Sometimes you need to drive in a nail but don’t want to damage the surrounding area,
so the metal head of your claw hammer won’t do. An inexpensive rubber mallet gets the
job done.
Another tool that lets you drive a nail below a surface (called countersinking) while
leaving the surrounding area undisturbed is a nail set. Often sold in sets of three or
more standard sizes to match different nail heads, you can position the nail set over
the nail head to drive your nail smoothly “underground.”
A good selection of screwdrivers belongs in every tool kit. Composed of a shank with
a flat tip that looks like a minus sign (-), called a standard screwdriver, or a tip that
looks like a plus sign (+) called a Phillips screwdriver, with a handle of wood, metal, or
some type of hardened plastic, screwdrivers are available in a number of point sizes.
Shanks also come in a number of different lengths: long shanks let you reach into
tight spaces; short, stubby shanks give you more turning power.
Always use the right size driver for the fastener you are driving. Use the Phillips
screwdriver for Phillips head screws (more prevalent than single-slot screws today).
Use the standard driver for slotted screws. Too-big or too-small driver points can
damage or deform the fastener. And don’t forget this helpful saying: “Righty, tighty;
lefty, loosey.” Translation: tighten by turning to the right (clockwise); loosen by turning
to the left (counterclockwise). It works for screws, nuts, light bulbs. Any threaded object
turns on the same principle.
What Pros Know
1VO^bS`( G]c`>S`a]\OZB]]Z9Wb
A^SQWOZWhSRB]]Za
A good hammer and half a dozen screwdrivers will suffice for probably 75 percent of
the joining and fastening tasks in your home. But other fastening tools, for grasping
and turning specialized fasteners, and holding the work while you do the job, are great
to have on hand.
Wrenches, pliers, and clamps.
C-clamp
Allen
wrench
set
Adjustable
wrench
Needlenose pliers
Locking pliers
Nuts, big bolts, pipes, hard-to-reach wires—sooner or later, you’ll have a job that
requires more specialized gear to help you grab hold of an irregularly sized piece of
something, keep it steady, turn it, move it, or attach it to something else.
Sometimes, door latches, light fixtures, or other house hardware is joined with fasten-
ers that require a hexagonal tool, called an Allen (or hex) wrench to attach or detach a
part. Allen wrenches are sold in sets, sometimes conveniently encased in a penknife-
like sheath. This is a good way to buy them, since the wrenches are comparatively
small and easy to lose. Simply extend the right size wrench, leaving the others tucked
away in the sheath.
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
An adjustable wrench is a great way to get hold of a nut so that you can loosen and
remove it from its bolt. The jaws of the wrench hold tight to the nut with a few turns
of the little adjusting gear. While you can buy a set of wrenches that fit perfectly
around each size nut, often the size you need will be missing from the set. (This has
happened to me more than once at crucial moments such as—gulp!—Christmas Eve,
with something complicated that needs assembly.) An adjustable model is inexpensive
and versatile.
If you’re all thumbs, needlenose pliers are perfect for “grab and twist” workouts with
wires of all types—phone, electrical, audio. They look just like their name sounds. If
you’re working with electric wires, choose a model with insulated handles, one of the
many safeguards against shocks you’ll learn about as you read this book.
Locking pliers are another handy tool; the most famous variety is the Vise-Grip brand,
invented by a smart Danish-American from Nebraska named William Peterson. He
wanted a tool that worked like pliers and could grip metal parts in his blacksmith shop
“like a vise.” They still do, and several manufacturers
have variations on this tool, which has a lever that
locks the jaws of the pliers in place. They work like a
third hand for many jobs.
When you have to glue things together and hold
them tightly in place until the adhesive dries, C-
clamps will do the job. There are a variety of other,
more expensive clamping devices, and you can
explore the shelves of the hardware or woodworking
shop when the time comes to expand your collection.
2S[]ZWbW]\2S`Pg(B]]ZaBVObBOYSBVW\Ua/^O`b
The pros call it “demo,” and they usually enjoy this part of home improvement: you
see the results of your work nearly instantly. Some of you may think this sounds like
your kind of fun. But before you start tearing up that 70s shag carpet in the den,
remember that you’ll have to figure out what to do with what lies beneath the fuzzy,
matted mess. And it might not be pretty. So before you tear anything apart, think: can
I live with the result for a while?
If you want to protect the
surfaces you’re clamping
together, insert little pieces of
wood or cardboard, also known
as shims, between the clamp
jaws and the work piece, so the
clamps don’t leave a mark.
Ounce of Prevention
1VO^bS`( G]c`>S`a]\OZB]]Z9Wb !
Sometimes you get lucky. In one room of our family’s Maine house, armed with utility
knives and small pry bars to remove the furring strips, my niece and I tore out an old,
worn red carpet that was driving me crazy. It was a messy job, but we found a wax-
and-buff-ready maple floor beneath.
We were not so lucky in the kitchen. Beneath the multicolor indoor/outdoor carpet
was a glued-down layer of carpet padding. Beneath that was a layer of brown linoleum
with yellow, red, and green spots. And beneath that was a layer of fifty-year-old gooey
black adhesive. Having made this discovery in an inconspicuous corner of the kitchen,
I knew my limits, and called in the pros. But it was several months before they could
schedule the work and reveal the golden planks of the original maple floor.
So be careful about using your demolition tools!
Pry bars come in many different sizes; keep one that’s about 8"–10" long in your tool
kit. It can neatly squeeze under old tile, flooring, or carpet furring strips, and its lever
action plus your muscles make quick work of many demo jobs. (One company even
calls its model the “Wonder Bar,” a great name for this handy tool.)
I’ve always been a cat person, but never heard of the handy cat’s paw until I went to
carpentry class. Like its larger cousin the crowbar, this sturdy tool is a fairly heavy (for
its size) round or hexagonal bar of steel. It curves at one end to form a cup-shaped
tip with a V-slot that can grip around a nail head. Hammer just above the back of the
V-slotted tip, working the slot around the nail head. When the nail head is seated in
the slot, rock back the cat’s paw and the nail glides out (finish it off with your hammer
claw). It’s a beautiful piece of equipment for removing nails when you don’t care how
the surrounding wood looks afterwards (you can lessen the damage by sliding a shim
under the “heel” of the V-slotted paw as you work out the nail). You may not need this
tool right away, but when you get to taking out old work with lots of nails, this will
come in handy.
A cold chisel is another one of those old tools that show up at tag sales on the cheap. It
gets its name from the fact that this tempered steel cutter is used for cutting “cold”
metals, and not used in conjunction with heat, as in torches or forges. Paired with a
hammer to drive its point, it’s a good tool for removing cemented tile. Just remem-
ber that when you’re cutting into hard materials, these can chip and fly. Always wear
safety goggles and other protective gear; see Chapter 2 for the particulars.
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
"
BVS=\SB]]ZG]c1O\Âb:WdSEWbV]cb
For the repairs in this book, you’ll need just one basic power tool: an electric drill.
Corded models have been around for years, but battery-powered drills are so
improved that they are worth more than a second look. You won’t have to plug into
a socket with the cordless variety, so it’s much more
versatile. For optimum use time, buy one with a
charger and two batteries (one to use, one spare to
keep charged when you’re doing a lot of drilling and
don’t want to lose power at a crucial moment).
A visit to the power tool department of your hard-
ware or home center can be a heady experience: so
many drills, lots of different prices. When consider-
ing which to buy, think about what you need.
Demolition tools.
Pry bar
Cat’s paw
Cold chisel
Don’t forget the feel-good
factor! Get a drill with the
features you want, but also
make sure it feels comfortable
in your hands and doesn’t weigh
you down. If it doesn’t feel right,
you’ve wasted your good money.
What Pros Know
1VO^bS`( G]c`>S`a]\OZB]]Z9Wb #
>]eS`
Most DIY (not pro-grade) corded models quote power in the range of 500 to 1,000
watts. The higher-wattage models will have sturdier parts and be able to take more
abuse.
Same with cordless; 9.6-volt batteries don’t pack the power of a 12V- or 18V-powered
cordless drill. If you are going to use the drill a lot, or want it to last, opt for the most
power you can handle (the higher voltage battery packs and sturdier parts increase the
weight of the tool).
There are different types of batteries for cordless drills; the most common are Nickel
Metal Hydride (Ni-Mh) and Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd, or “ni-cad”).
A^SSR
Single-speed drills lack versatility. If you’re using large bits for big holes, the bit needs
to turn more slowly or you’ll wear out the bit quickly. A step-up option is a drill with
two fixed speeds—there’s usually a manual switch that makes this adjustment.
A variable speed control offers an infinite number of speeds up to an indicated (read
the package) limit. You control the speed by a trigger, and some drills have adjustable
trigger stops so you don’t accidentally put the tool in overdrive when high speed is not
needed.
Cordless electric drill.
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
$
9SgZSaa1VcQY
In the old days, bits were inserted into the business end of the drill by opening and
closing the chuck (which holds the shaft of the bit) with a key. After a bunch of years,
manufacturers realized that people always lost the key, so drills with a keyless chuck
are pretty standard these days. Lots of pros love them; my dad had one, but I haven’t
seen a keyed chuck drill in years!
3
/
8
" is the most common chuck size, and right for
the work in this book.
AQ`SeR`WdW\U
For your drill to work like a screwdriver, it needs three attributes: variable speed, a
reverse drive, and a torque control that shuts off the drill when a certain turning force
is reached. You know the drill has this last feature if there’s a numbered dial (up to
16 positions). Torque control prevents you from driving the screw too deeply or too
tightly.
6SZ^TcZ0Wba/P]cb2`WZZW\U
If you’ve never used an electric drill before, know that it’s destined to make many
home repairs simpler than you can imagine. Here are a few tips for using it safely and
well:
U
Always wear safety goggles when you drill. That
stuff you’re drilling has to go somewhere, and
you don’t want that somewhere to be your eyes.
U
Use the highest speeds for jobs that use the
small bits, and slower speeds for big bits.
U
Indent your drill-in point with a nail or the tip
of a nail or screw. This will prevent the drill
from sliding off the mark.
U
Leave the motor running when you’re remov-
ing the bit from your work. If the drill ever gets
stuck in the work, turn off the drill and then
restart it in reverse.
If you’re driving a bunch of
screws, find the right turning
force for the job by testing
your setting and screw on a
scrap piece (wood or drywall).
Oh, and one more thing: to use
the drill like a screwdriver you’ll
need screwdriver bits!
What Pros Know
1VO^bS`( G]c`>S`a]\OZB]]Z9Wb %
>cb7bBVS`S/^^ZgW\UbVS@WUVbAbcTT
Lots of repairs use patching compounds, adhesives, and other stuff best applied (or
smoothed) with a tool. These are almost self-explanatory:
U
Putty knives come in a variety of widths; they’re great for applying all kinds of
goop for various repair chores. They’re also quite useful for scraping, lifting,
and prying in certain circumstances. A narrow one (2") and a broader one (4–6")
are a good basic pair to own. Better models have metal ends on the handles that
will take the force of a hammer (when you’re trying to open a stuck window, for
example) without breaking the handle.
U
A 2" nylon-bristle paintbrush and a clean old toothbrush can be used to brush away
dust or other particles, and also to apply various liquids.
U
A household sponge is good for cleanups, but it’s also good as an applicator for
certain liquids. Keep a clean one handy.
Applicators.
Sponge
Putty knife
Paintbrush
Old toothbrush
6]ZR7bB`O\a^]`bW\UG]c`B]]Za
Box, bag, or bucket? When you’re assembling tools to do a repair job, it’s good to
have a container that holds everything you need. I like my canvas rigger’s bag. It holds
a ton of tools, was inexpensive, and is incredibly sturdy. However, you can get a tool
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
&
bucket, which is an ordinary bucket equipped with a canvas tool holder that makes an
incredibly roomy tool caddy. Or opt for a conventional toolbox. Go for sturdy, go for
capacity, and choose a container that has enough slots for those tools you want to keep
handy, or those you want to protect from other tools banging against them.
Tool bag.
Tool belts are another personal choice. I like the simple canvas apron that costs a cou-
ple of dollars. It has a few sturdy pockets to held the fasteners I’m using and a small
tool or two. I use the tool bag to carry the rest of the stuff. Too many tools around my
waist weigh me down.
Some people opt for the heavy belt with leather or canvas pockets and a nice loop in
which to slide the handle of your hammer. My husband bought me one of these when
I went off to carpentry class. I use it sometimes, but the hammer kept hitting me in
the thigh and gave me a bruise after a week of building. I did notice, however, that
my carpentry teacher had a solution for this: she maneuvered the belt so the hammer
hung over her backside, and whenever she needed it, she’d just reach back and pull it
out. What’s that old saying? Each to his/her own!
1VO^bS`( G]c`>S`a]\OZB]]Z9Wb '
71O\ASS1ZSO`Zg<]e
No set of tools is complete without a working flashlight. Because so much repair goes
on in basements, attics, and other dimly-lit recesses of the house, buy one that fits in
your tool bag, make sure it lights, and stick an extra set of batteries for it in the bag
for good measure!
Flashlight.
G]c`E]`YA^OQS
Most of the repairs in this book are done on-site, where the damage has occurred. But
once in a while you’ll need to cut or saw something, and will need a flat, durable sur-
face on which to place and maneuver your work.
If you’re reading this book, you probably don’t have a big, fancy workbench with a vise
to hold things. The good news is: there are many fairly inexpensive substitutes for this
handyman’s standby.
If you’re old enough to remember the film
The Graduate, when actor Dustin Hoffman
was a young man, there’s a memorable scene
when an old guy gives our hero a word to live
by: plastics.
If you’ve got very little space to set up a workbench, a couple of companies now make
very sturdy, hardened plastic, portable workbenches that fold into a couple of inches
A vise is a tool with two jaws,
closed by a screw or a lever to
hold objects immobile.
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
of space in a small closet, and give you a place to set and clamp your work. This is a
worthy investment.
And if you’re a purist, a sheet of plywood clamped to a pair of sawhorses (you can buy
a sturdy, folding, portable pair for less than forty bucks) will serve you well for most
jobs, and also fits into a small space for storage.
The key here is sturdy, stable, and clamp-able. A
work surface should support your work and keep it
steady, and you should be able to hold your work
piece in place with a clamp.
When you graduate from DIY 101, you can move on
up to one of those big hardwood workbenches that
sell for a couple of hundred bucks at specialty wood-
working shops. But you won’t need it right now.
BVS:SOabG]c<SSRb]9\]e
U
Cheap tools don’t last long; get the basics, but get the best you can afford.
U
Tools can be categorized by their functions: measuring and marking, cutting, fas-
tening and joining, demolition, and application.
U
An electric drill should be your first power tool; look for features you’ll really
use, and a model that feels good in your hands.
U
You need a stable, sturdy surface for some DIY work where you can clamp a
piece that needs cutting or sawing.
U
There are portable options that are easy to store if your working space is limited.
Never work with a saw or
other cutting device without
clamping the work piece to the
work surface. ‘Nuf said.
Ounce of Prevention
2
1VO^bS`
G]c`;]ab7[^]`bO\bB]]Z(
BVSAOTSbg2`WZZ
7\BVWa1VO^bS`
U
Seven habits of intact DIY-ers
U
What gear you’ll need to stay safe when working on your house
U
Ladder safety, top to bottom
U
How to set your own limits, and hire a pro when you need one
Okay, so you just bought a house, and a slew of new tools, and you’re ready
to fix everything that seems to be ailing your new digs.
Not so fast. You’ve got one more little investment to make, and that’s the
insurance you provide for your own personal safety. I’m not talking about
your homeowner’s policy, but the commonsense rules you follow when you
work on your house.
A few years ago, I wanted to expand my DIY know-how and signed up for a
course in carpentry. I was eager to learn, and couldn’t wait to get my hands
on some of the terrific tools that make renovation and improvement easier
to do myself. Before the course ever started, the school sent me a list of
safety equipment to bring and use. And when my classmates and I arrived,
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
our teachers sat us down for a discussion of self-protection and good work habits. Their
guidance was invaluable to my class, and to any beginner do-it-yourselfer who wants to
stay safe.
I’ve used the equipment I brought, and the rules I learned, ever since. Except for a cou-
ple of minor scrapes and bruises, the knowledge has served me well. I’ll share it here.
5]]RAOTSbg6OPWba
Basically, there are seven things to keep in mind when you work on your home. Think
of them as the seven habits of intact DIY-ers:
1.
Choose the right wardrobe. When you work with tools, don’t wear anything
that can get tangled up in your work. Leave off the bracelets, earrings, and any-
thing that dangles. If you have long hair, tie it back or wear it up, or under a cap
or bandanna.
Wear comfortable work clothes. If you are working with something dusty, or
something that makes debris, cover up!
Sturdy shoes that cover your feet, with non-slip soles, will help prevent injury.
Never wear sandals or flip-flops; they’re an invitation to hazards like splinters and
dropped tools—ow!
2.
Make sure your tools are clean and in good
repair. Inspect the cords of power tools and
extension cords for signs of wear. Never work
with damaged equipment.
3.
Wear your safety gear. The goggles and ear-
plugs will do nothing to protect your eyes and
your hearing if you leave them in your bag. Carry
and use your safety equipment, every time!
4.
Check your attitude. Don’t tackle a job if you’re
feeling tired, rushed, or upset. You’re setting
yourself up to lose focus, and that’s when acci-
dents happen.
5.
Take a break every couple of hours. If you
need a breather, hang out with your family, kids,
or pets away from the worksite. Chit-chat can be
distracting while you’re working on something, so
save the socializing for your timeout.
Sturdy shoes are good,
but steel- or titanium-toed
work boots are better. Spring for
a pair and you won’t have to
worry about broken toes. These
industrial-strength boots are avail-
able in men’s and women’s sizes.
My friend Siobhan, who installed
all the siding on her 4,000-
square-foot house, put pink shoe
laces in her steel-toed footwear
for a feminine touch! She keeps
the ends of the laces tucked in to
prevent tripping.
Ounce of Prevention
1VO^bS` ( G]c`;]ab7[^]`bO\bB]]Z(BVSAOTSbg2`WZZ !
6. Keep your worksite organized and clean. Protect nonwork areas from debris
with drop cloths and/or newspaper. Carefully follow the directions for any
chemicals or compounds you are using; if they say “make sure the area is well-
ventilated,” open the windows!
7. When you need one, ask a friend to help. If you’re working on a ladder that
needs holding, or just need an extra pair of hands, make sure you’ve got the
assistance you need.
Lastly, trust your gut! If a little voice inside your head says, “Maybe this job is just too
much for me,” listen. Better to pay a pro than the bill from the E.R.
AOTSbg5SO`(BVS0OaWQa
Here’s a rhyming couplet to remember:
Eyes, ears, nose,
Fingers and toes!
When you finish a repair job, you want to keep all those parts I’ve just mentioned!
Safety gear: don’t start a job
without it!
Rubber gloves
Safety goggles
Earplugs
Earmuffs
Mask
Work gloves
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
"
Good safety goggles are not designed for high fashion, but to protect your eyes and
their socket area from injury. They are usually made of high-quality plastic and won’t
shatter when hit; they’ll also protect eyes from spilled or airborne liquids. Make sure
the pair you use gives good coverage. Some styles use conventional earpieces, just
like eyeglasses or sunglasses; others are secured by elastic. Just make sure the pair you
select fits, and stays on when you’re looking up, down, and side-to-side.
At a certain age, most people need glasses to magnify close work, such as read-
ing fine print, attaching/detaching jewelry clasps, and discerning the details of
a home repair. Instead of wearing your reading glasses under goggles, which
can feel uncomfortable and appear awkward, look for a pair of safety goggles
equipped with magnifying lenses; these make the goggles look like bifocals. These
specialized glasses are made by at least one major manufacturer of work safety equip-
ment, in varying strengths (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and so forth). If you can’t find them in your
local hardware/home center, check Appendix B for a source.
What Pros Know
Hearing loss is a progressive ailment; it results from long-term exposure to high
levels of noise. Foam earplugs or safety earmuffs should be used in noisy work
environments—when power tools or other loud equipment is in use. It isn’t necessary,
but I also like to wear my safety earmuffs when I’m using any equipment that makes
noise I don’t like—the vacuum cleaner, for instance. Even though I haven’t seen any
evidence that proves vacuum noise can hurt your hearing long-term, it makes the
experience more pleasant for me!
Wearing a mask, also called a respirator, to avoid inhaling dust or chemical-laden
fumes is always a good idea. In order to get the right mask, you need to read the
manufacturer’s label. Depending on the products you are working with, you will need
differing amounts of protection. Masks are labeled for the kinds of dust and fumes
they filter.
There are several different types of disposable masks, which are the economical choice
unless you are working repeatedly with materials that produce particles or fumes you
don’t want to breathe. If you’re doing a lot of work that requires protecting your
lungs, then it might be more budget-wise to buy a reusable respirator, which has
replaceable filters, rather than a large quantity of disposable masks.
1VO^bS` ( G]c`;]ab7[^]`bO\bB]]Z(BVSAOTSbg2`WZZ #
A pair of sturdy work gloves in a heavyweight fabric—canvas, leather, or one of the
rugged new synthetic fabrics—will protect your hands when you’re carrying materi-
als that could splinter or irritate your hands in some other way. Unless you lose them,
a good pair can last a lifetime. Rubber gloves will protect your hands from prolonged
exposure to liquid, and a tight-fitting pair of surgical-style latex gloves can protect
your skin from irritants often found in certain paints, adhesives, and other repair com-
pounds. (If you’re allergic to latex, use a different type of tight-fitting glove to protect
your hands.)
As discussed in the previous section, wear appropriate, sturdy footwear to protect your
toes!
Not all safety masks are created equal. The National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) sets standards for workplace safety equipment. When
a product is labeled “NIOSH approved,” it means that the mask meets certain work-
place standards for the process and/or material (painting, drywall, fiberglass) indicated.
Ounce of Prevention
BVS8]PAWbS
If you can set up, work, and finish your repair in a day, the seven habits of intact DIY-
ers should be enough rules to keep you safe.
For projects of longer duration, remember the following:
U
Train your kids, your pets, your elders—anyone who’s not working with you—to
keep away from a work site unless they’re invited to observe. You can show them
what you’re up to when you’re on a break.
U
Repair materials and tools should be safely stored away whenever you finish for
the day. If toxic materials like paint and solvents or power tools are being used,
keep them out of reach of children or pets, even when you just step away for a
couple of minutes.
U
Drop cloths and spread-out newspaper can be slippery for other members of
your household who are not dressed for the work; pick them up and sweep at the
end of a repair session. Replace the protective coverings when you start the next
day (or the next weekend).
This may seem logical to most readers, but sometimes an extra step for safety—
securing tools and materials just in case a child or pet may get curious, or carefully
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
$
picking up just in case someone’s not paying attention—seems like too much work to
others. Making a mistake that someone you love might have to pay for is just too high
a price.
Be safe, not sorry.
BVSC^aO\R2]e\a]T:ORRS`AOTSbg
When you have jobs in tall places, a ladder is a terrific help. But be careful! According
to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS), more than half a mil-
lion people wind up in emergency rooms every year because of mishaps with ladders.
Don’t become another statistic. Follow these tips to stay safe.
1V]]aW\UO:ORRS`
Safety begins when you choose your ladder. Most people start with a stepladder that’s
good for indoor jobs, and some outdoor work as well.
U
Materials: Wood is traditional, but subject to rot and weathering. Aluminum is
lightweight, but metal is not good for working around electricity. Fiberglass is
the current preference of professionals; it is versatile, lightweight, and sturdy, but
more expensive than either wood or aluminum.
U
Height: If you have standard, 8-foot ceilings, a
5-foot stepladder will probably be fine for any
indoor task, and a lot of outdoor work, too. For
stepladders, the ladder’s height plus 4 feet equals
the height limit you can achieve.
U
Strength: Ladders have a duty rating—the
amount of weight they can carry—established
by the American National Safety Institute.
Type 1A extra heavy duty carries up to 300
pounds; Type I heavy duty will carry 250
pounds; Type II medium duty 225 pounds; and
Type III light duty 200 pounds. Err on the side
of a heavier rated model when you’re in doubt as
to which model to choose.
When you buy a steplad-
der, there will usually be a
sticker on the pail shelf that says
“This is not a step,” and one on
the step below the top of the
ladder that says “Do not stand
above this step.” Take these cau-
tions seriously. If you need to
climb higher, you’ll need a taller
ladder.
Ounce of Prevention
1VO^bS` ( G]c`;]ab7[^]`bO\bB]]Z(BVSAOTSbg2`WZZ %
CaW\UO:ORRS`
Safe ladder use means taking a few steps in the right direction:
U
Don’t wear leather soles; they’re slippery. And tie your shoelaces securely.
Likewise, don’t wear baggy pants or loose clothing that could catch on the sides
of a ladder or nearby obstructions.
U
Inspect your ladder before you use it. Check it for any loose screws, hinges, or
rungs. Clean off any dirt, grease, or dried spills. If the ladder has defects that
can’t be fixed, replace it.
U
Place the ladder on a firm, level surface. Don’t place a ladder on uneven ground,
or prop up with bricks or other small items under the legs.
U
Climb or descend with your hands on the side rails, not on the treads.
U
Never position a ladder in front of a door that opens in the direction of the lad-
der unless the door is locked, blocked, or guarded on the other side. If you’re
working while other household members are moving around, put some tape and
a sign across the door frame on the inside so they don’t accidentally open it and
topple you!
U
Don’t stretch—move the ladder instead. Reaching or leaning too far to either
side of the ladder can make you lose your balance and fall. The AAOS has a
good guideline: your bellybutton should not go beyond the sides of the ladder!
U
Move things with caution; if you’re cleaning out closet or garage shelves, always
keep the load in your arm small enough that it doesn’t throw you off balance.
Push and pull things carefully.
U
Get help if you need it. If you feel the least bit wobbly, have someone hold the
ladder. And two people should never be on the ladder at the same time.
When you’re outside, you may need to use an extension ladder if you have tall gutters
or need to reach an outside light to replace it. Learn additional rules of using long
ladders in Chapter 19.
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
&
Keep your body centered on
the ladder.
Don’t lean far outside the
rails of the ladder. It’s easy
to lose your balance in this
position.
1VO^bS` ( G]c`;]ab7[^]`bO\bB]]Z(BVSAOTSbg2`WZZ '
9\]eW\UG]c`:W[Wba(EVS\b]1OZZO>`]
Some people like to try everything; others know what they’re good at, and only occa-
sionally stray into unfamiliar territory. Only you know your own degree of risk toler-
ance for DIY tasks. You may really like working on walls and floors—all those nice,
solid things—but go queasy at the idea of clearing the gunk-clogged trap under the
kitchen sink.
It’s best to start your DIY career with those jobs that you feel comfortable and safe
doing. As you build your confidence, you can tackle more things.
Here are three questions to ask yourself before you try doing a new kind of repair:
U
Do I have the time?
U
Do I have the tools—or can I get them easily?
U
Do I have the skill?
The tasks in this book are not large ones; they require only small amounts of labor,
tools, and know-how. This is, after all, a guide to simple home repairs. But if any jobs
in this book make you hesitate for more than a few minutes after reading the instruc-
tions, or if you have to answer “no” to any of the three questions listed above, then
you’re probably right to call in the pro.
And should you call the handyman, the plumber, or the electrician, watch him or her
do the job. You may learn something you’ll be able to do yourself—next time.
BVS:SOabG]c<SSRb]9\]e
U
Eyes, ears, nose, fingers, and toes all need protection when you work.
U
Tackle repairs when you’re rested and calm; working when you’re tired or
stressed invites accidents.
U
When on a ladder, stay centered; when you need to lean out to reach what you’re
after, it’s time to move the ladder.
U
Know thyself! Make your first home repairs the ones you feel most comfortable
with. Success begets confidence.
3
1VO^bS`
G]c`Ac^^Zg1Z]aSb
7\BVWa1VO^bS`
U
Where to store your tools and supplies for home repairs
U
Which supplies solve different repair dilemmas
U
The subtle differences between fasteners
U
The importance of leftovers (the home repair kind)
There are a couple of rules about household repair problems and the sup-
plies that fix them:
1. Repair emergencies usually happen at night, or on weekends and holi-
days when it’s hard to find someone to help you.
2. A few inexpensive supplies can save a lot of money and grief.
If you can impress upon yourself that bad stuff will happen to your house
at the worst possible times, you will not be stuck, as I was, trying to stop a
leaky pipe with my finger while being told by my plumber’s answering ser-
vice that he wouldn’t be back for a week. I had an infant and a 3-year-old,
and had to shut off the water to the whole house while the kids and I drove
to the home center at 9
P.M. for emergency repair supplies. Of course, my
husband was out of town!
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
!
27G2S^]b(Ab]`W\UG]c`@S^OW`AbcTT
All the tools and materials in the world are worthless if you can’t put your hands on
the right item when you need it.
Lots of handy gentlemen and ladies dedicate a corner of their spotless garage to a
workbench and storage area, but maybe you’re not lucky enough to have such a clean
corner, or even a garage.
A closet shelf, a cleared cabinet—any place you can get to easily, but also close off and
make child- and pet-proof, if these wonderful creatures share your home with you, is
fine for storage.
You do not want your children playing with grown-up tools, tampering with sharp
objects like nails and screws, or investigating the contents of bottles of adhesives
or cans of lubricants. Whatever place you choose for your repair tools and supplies,
make sure it’s out of the reach of children and pets. If not, secure the door of your sup-
ply storage area with a keyed or combination lock.
Ounce of Prevention
BVSAc^^ZgAWRS
As your home repair savvy grows, you’ll be doing more jobs and adding to your supply
cabinet. But for starters, here are some basic supplies to keep on hand.
9SS^7b;]dW\U(:cP`WQO\ba
The places where parts come together often need a bit of help to move smoothly and
quietly, or to get unstuck when they haven’t been moved in a while.
A spray or liquid lubricant can help when you’ve got a noisy hinge, a draggy sliding
door, or a nut that just won’t turn when you’re trying to loosen it. WD-40 is a popu-
lar brand of lubricant that comes in a can; it has a narrow straw that attaches to its
sprayer so that you can direct a stream of lubricant to a precise location.
Lubricants are useful for hundreds of chores and repairs. Special lubricants that con-
tain a high percentage of silicon are often helpful for moving parts made of wood,
vinyl, or rubber. See Appendix B for more helpful information.
1VO^bS`!( G]c`Ac^^Zg1Z]aSb !!
9SS^7bB]USbVS`(/RVSaWdSa
While there are many varieties of adhesive—for every kind of material that can break
or fall apart—you can start with a single basic type. White glue, available in super-
markets, stationery stores—virtually everywhere—is good for sticking together paper,
cardboard, wood, leather, cloth, and lots of other materials. Keep a container in your
supply closet. Keep in mind, however, that it’s not waterproof; you’ll need a different
adhesive when water resistance is required.
When you start working with wood, add a container of carpenter’s (wood) glue, which
is usually yellow and of the same consistency as white glue.
Specialized adhesives—instant glue or contact cement, for example—are powerful
products that create an incredibly tough and virtually instantaneous bond. If you use
them, follow directions carefully, and keep the appropriate solvent on hand in case you
stick your fingers together!
Blue painter’s tape, like the familiar off-white masking tape, is a light-duty adhesive tape
that is easy to apply and remove. The blue variety is called painter’s tape because its
adhesive is formulated to lift off a surface without damaging a new coat of paint; regu-
lar masking tape can be difficult to remove because it makes a tighter bond, and will
Repair supplies.
Drop cloth
Lubricant
White
glue
Blue
painter’s
tape
Duct
tape
Shims
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
!"
often lift off the new paint, shred, or leave a residue if it’s left on a surface too long.
The blue stuff is good for holding many lightweight objects in place temporarily.
Duct tape—most people know the gray or silver-colored variety—has a strong adhesive
backing because its original use was to seal gaps in lengths of flexible ductwork. (This
is no longer an approved use in most building codes.) People have found thousands
of uses for duct tape, and written books about it, but it’s an emergency fix for a lot of
breaks and tears in household objects: patching a small hole in window glass until you
can replace the pane; holding two pieces of wood together while you screw or nail
them. Having it in your supply closet will definitely prove handy at some point.
4WZZbVS5O^
Small shims are little wedges of soft wood, usually cedar, that look like miniature
shingles. They’re useful for closing gaps between stair treads and risers, for example—
you’ll see them used in some repairs in Chapter 7.
They’re also good to level out a table, couch, or chairs when your floors are uneven—
just slide a couple under the wobbly leg. While pieces of corrugated cardboard will
work as shims in a pinch, a package of these little wooden helpers is cheap; if you’ve
got an older home, I guarantee you’ll find uses for them.
1]dS`7bC^
A drop cloth is essential for protecting the areas of your home where you’re doing a
repair. Many people use plastic drop cloths; they’re cheap and disposable. But they’re
also slippery to walk on, and some are so thin that they tear with little provocation.
Buy a 9'×12' canvas model and you can shake it out, fold it easily, even wash it when it
gets too soiled.
@cP7b=TT(/P`OaWdSa
Get at least one sanding block with a combination of surfaces—a medium-grade grit
(80–100) side and a finer grit (120–150) is a nice toolbox standby. It’s easier to handle
than sheets of sandpaper. 220-grit sandpaper or blocks are good for fine surface work
such as touch-ups to floors and furniture.
1VO^bS`!( G]c`Ac^^Zg1Z]aSb !#
Eventually, you may also want to get some files: a metal file and a wood rasp for
quickly filing edges of these materials.
;]`SB]USbVS`\Saa(/?cWQY5cWRSb]4OabS\S`a
A variety of fasteners for joining house parts and hanging accessories is good to keep
on hand. Invariably if you have a giant coffee can full of wood screws, what you’ll need
are a couple of brads. Fasteners are generally inexpensive bits of metal, so a good sup-
ply won’t set you back more than a few dollars.
Sanding block.
An assortment of practical
fasteners.
Brad
Common nail
Box nail
Finishing nail
Casing nail
Annular ring nail
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
!$
Common nails and their more slender brothers, box nails, are good for general use.
They have fairly large heads and good holding power; coated varieties will grip even
harder.
Nails used for outside work should be galvanized (zinc coated); in high-moisture
areas—by the shore, for example—stainless-steel nails will hold up to the environment
best.
Because their heads are relatively large, use common and box nails when surface
appearance doesn’t matter.
Small-headed nails—casing or finishing nails—are good for woodwork. Both can be
countersunk with a nail set, and the hole filled with wood putty to leave a smooth
surface for painting or finishing. Use the smaller brad for nailing very thin pieces of
molding or paneling.
For some of the repairs in this book, you’ll use
annular ring nails, which have a grooved shaft to
“bite” into wood like a screw.
Screws have great holding power, and because they
can be loosened or tightened, they can be removed
without undue damage to the surrounding surface.
Depending on what’s being fastened, you can use
flathead (flush to the surface), round head (sits atop
the surface), or oval head (usually for decorative use)
wood screws.
Wood screws are available with a standard (looks like
a minus [–] sign) or Phillips (looks like a plus [+] sign)
driver slot. Some professionals like to use screws with
a square slot (called a Robertson), which requires a
matching, square-headed driver.
If you like to cover your walls with art, you’ll probably have use for an assortment of
fasteners for hanging pictures and other decorations. Picture hooks that feature an
Screws.
Round head
Phillips
head
Standard
head
Oval head
Flathead
In the United States, nails are
sized in “pennies,” symbol-
ized by the letter “d.” This
sizing system is a traditional one,
going back to England a few
hundred years ago. A 2d, or
two-penny nail, is 1 inch long;
the longest nails, 60d, are 6
inches long. The rule of thumb
is to use a nail that is 2
1
/
2
to 3
times as long as the thickness of
the piece being fastened.
What Pros Know
1VO^bS`!( G]c`Ac^^Zg1Z]aSb !%
angled receptacle for driving in a small nail with ease—even into plaster—are good to
keep on hand in a range of sizes for items of varying weights, up to about 25 pounds
or so. Larger items that must be wall-mounted will use larger fasteners; check with
your helpful hardware salesperson about the type and size of fastener best suited to
your walls and what you’re hanging.
Keep a handful of tacks—the large-headed thumbtacks and small-headed metal
tacks—for hanging other small items.
6]ZR7b(1]\bOW\S`a
Even when you’re not using liquids, a household bucket makes a good tote for tools
and supplies for any DIY job. Get a sturdy, good-quality plastic model with an equally
sturdy handle for those times when you do transport water (at about 7 pounds per gal-
lon, water can be unwieldy to carry).
Also keep a supply of small lidded containers for those occasions when you need to
carry around fasteners, small quantities of liquid, or other little items that can easily
go astray.
A variety of containers.
7\1OaS]TA[OZZEObS`3[S`US\QWSa
Between your tool kit and the supplies I’ve already described, you’re covered for a
lot of different small breakdowns in the house. And here are two more things you
shouldn’t neglect.
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
!&
Plumbing leaks and backups are the most potentially damaging of the small home
repair crises you will encounter day to day. Of course, you can always just shut off the
household water at the main (see Chapter 4) and wait for the plumber. But a stopped
sink or toilet, or a pinhole leak in a pipe, can be addressed with a couple of simple and
inexpensive items.
A plunger, also known as a “plumber’s helper,” will help you clear many types of
clogs in your waste water (drain) system; you can find out how to make these fixes in
Chapter 10.
Plunger.
For tiny leaks in supply pipes, you can buy a package of do-it-yourself gasket mate-
rial (cork or rubber is good), and a couple of adjustable hose clamps that fit your pipe
(metal supply pipe is usually
1
/
2
") to hold back the water until your plumber arrives.
This fix is also covered in Chapter 10.
Pipe leak repair supplies.
Hose
clamp
Gasket material
1VO^bS`!( G]c`Ac^^Zg1Z]aSb !'
Ab]`W\UBV]aS:STb]dS`a
Whenever you or a pro do a home improvement project in your house, there’s usually
material left over: extra tiles, extra paint or wallpaper, carpet scraps, or resilient floor-
ing pieces.
In most houses, there never seems to be enough closets and cabinets to hold all our
stuff; those DIY leftovers feel like just another pile of junk to deal with. So too often,
the leftovers are thrown out or given away.
Even if you save that last half-roll of bedroom wallpaper, or the extra tile from the
bathroom re-do, the tendency is to just throw the stuff in a box and put it anywhere
out of the way where the box fits. The problem with that strategy is that you probably
won’t find it when you need it!
If you look through this book, you’ll notice that many of the repair instructions call
for leftover this-and-that. So do yourself a favor you’ll thank yourself for later. Buy
some clear plastic storage containers and keep the leftover stuff in those. Label the
containers with what’s in them and which room the leftovers came from. It’s an easy
system, sure to save time, money, and trouble down the road.
In the case of leftover paint—great for touch-ups—you may not need the leftover
half-gallon of the custom color in your living room ever again, but you might need a
small amount. To have what you need to cover a future minor repair, save a half-pint
or pint in a clean, airtight container; label it with the room, paint brand, color name,
and color number. You’ll be glad you did. Custom colored paint is usually available in
gallons only, a big expense and a big waste if you’re just doing touch-ups after a small
repair.
Check with your local waste removal car-
rier (private or municipal), about the rules
for paint and solvent disposal in your area.
Usually, you cannot throw these substances
away in the regular household trash pickup.
When you finally move on to your next
place, you can give the leftovers to the next
owners as a housewarming present. Having
replacement parts is always handy!
Take care not to store
certain liquids—like paint
or solvents—in your home’s hot
spots: near a heat source or in
attics. Always check the original
label; most DIY liquids belong in
cool, dry places, with their lids
tightly secured.
Ounce of Prevention
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
"
BVS:SOabG]c<SSRb]9\]e
U
DIY supplies and materials deserve a dedicated place in your house. Find one
that’s convenient for you and secure for all family members, including pets.
U
A well-stocked supply closet includes at least one lubricant, a liquid adhesive and
DIY tape, a selection of fasteners, and stuff for cover-ups and clean-ups.
U
You’ll appreciate the value of a plunger and a pipe repair kit after your first
night, weekend, or holiday plumbing emergency, when pros are hard to find.
U
Leftover DIY stuff that you organize and save is destined to be very helpful later.
Closed containers for storing
leftover materials.
4
1VO^bS`
/;O^]TG]c`E]`ZR
7\BVWa1VO^bS`
U
Locating the main controls for the systems in your house
U
Starting and stopping water flow, whether it’s from a well or from an
outside supplier
U
Controlling your gas supply, and what to do if you suddenly smell gas
U
Safe handling of your electrical panel
U
Creating a personal home workbook
You need a lot of information to run a house. Unless you’re a person who
leads a very simple life, your home has a plumbing system, an electrical sys-
tem, and maybe a gas supply to heat your home or hot water. If you’re out
in the country, you probably have a water well and a septic field, too.
Not to mention all those helpful appliances! They have plugs, hoses,
switches, gaskets … a whole bunch of parts that may someday give you
grief. And when one of them breaks down, you discover that you don’t
really remember where you tossed that use and care manual; it might have
come in handy, if you could find it!
This chapter will help you figure out how to get more control of all the
equipment that helps you run your home. You’ll get some ideas about how
to organize everything you should know about your house in a single loca-
tion. It will make taking care of things a little bit easier.
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
"
BVS;OW\BVW\U(G]c`6][SÂa>]eS`1S\bS`a
The least convenient time to search for the controls for your home’s water, gas, and
electric service is when something suddenly goes very wrong. In the case of a gas
leak, not understanding where and how service comes into your house can be life-
threatening. So listen up!
Go to the stationery store, or with your own creative know-how, make labels or tags
that say “Main Shutoff” for the primary gas and water valves in your house, as well as
for the main electric service panel. Then follow the directions below and on the fol-
lowing pages so you can find, mark, and use them.
Basements are not always well-lit or easy to negotiate, so you’ll want to take along a
flashlight for this activity. If you don’t have a basement, your utilities may be in a dedi-
cated closet, or small room close to where the wires and pipes enter the house. Unless
it’s well lighted, you’ll need a flashlight here, too.
4W\RW\UbVS4Z]e(G]c`EObS`Ac^^Zg
If your water comes into the house from a municipal or private water company, there
will be an outside shutoff for the water as it comes from the main pipe under the
street onto your property and into your house. Don’t concern yourself with this con-
trol, as the shutoff can only be made by water company employees with special tools.
(You should call the water company if an unusual flow of water near the street causes
you to suspect a leak in the larger system.)
Find the water meter on the outside of your house; then look inside in a correspond-
ing area for the water supply pipe that comes into the house.
The water control in an older home is often a gate valve with a round handle. In
newer homes, the straight-handled ball valve has replaced the old-style control.
The gate valve works like any round handled faucet; a clockwise turn (or turns) shuts
off the water supply, and counterclockwise turns restore the flow. There’s no need to
play with it if you don’t need to shut off the water supply. When you do need to turn
it off, if it’s difficult to turn, get your can of lubricant and give the valve a little squirt.
If it still won’t budge, leave it alone and call the plumber.
Ball valves work differently. They are sturdy and long-lasting, and the best replace-
ment for a worn gate valve. When the water supply is flowing, the handle is in-line
(parallel) to the pipe. A quarter-turn (90s) shuts off the water. The ball valve turns off
in only one direction, so don't try to force it the wrong way.
1VO^bS`"( /;O^]TG]c`E]`ZR "!
Gate valve.
Ball valve in “on” position.
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
""
Once you’ve found your main water control, label it “Main Water Shutoff.” To make
it easier to see in a dark basement, you might want to mark it with fluorescent tape.
=VESZZ
If you live in the country and do not have municipal water service, you’ll need to
know where your well is located, and figure out where the supply pipe enters your
house. The shutoffs will look the same as those for metered service, except that you
don’t have a meter. Instead, you’ve probably got an electric pump, positioned deep in
your well, that pumps water into holding tanks, and from there into your house.
A well supplies the water for my own house, but fixing the pump is not my kind of
work. And the pump always decides to give us trouble on the holidays, when our
well service man is otherwise engaged. Fortunately, these pumps are built to last, and
breakdowns don’t happen often.
However, if a there’s a water leak in your house and you want to stop the flow of
water, there’s an additional water/off option. You can use the main shutoff at the pipe,
just as you would shut off the municipal supply, or you can go to your electrical panel
(see more about this control later in the chapter) and shut off the circuit that controls
the well pump.
EVS`SbVSESZZEObS`5]Sa
It has to go somewhere, and if you have a private water well that serves your home,
chances are your wastewater goes to a septic tank and septic field on your property.
When you bought your house, if you have a septic system you should have gotten a
map showing the location of your tank and field. If not, one should be on file at your
county Board of Health.
The good news about septic systems is that they work very well—until they don’t. If
you don’t have a company to pump out your septic tank, you should get one and use
their services at recommended intervals. (These intervals are based on the number of
Ball valves are a lot easier to operate than gate valves. Because main controls are
operated infrequently, an old gate valve can become very hard to turn on and off.
If you’ve got one of these antique numbers, and it’s looking worn, consider having
a plumber replace it the next time you hire him for another job. It’s a nasty problem
when the main gate valve starts leaking!
What Pros Know
1VO^bS`"( /;O^]TG]c`E]`ZR "#
occupants of your home; the Board of Health sizes septic fields based on the number
of bedrooms.) Most septic service companies will put you on a schedule and call when
you’re due for a pump-out. Do not neglect this regular service!
A septic system is a mess to repair, if the waste (effluent) is blocked from leaving your
house via the waste line. And a failed septic system is a huge expense to replace. So
make friends with a reliable septic system service company.
G]c`5OaAgabS[=cbaWRSbVS6]caS
If you use natural gas for your heating system, hot water, clothes dryer, or stove,
your supply also comes in from the street through a pipe that registers your usage at
a meter outside the house. Just before the gas meter, you will see a shutoff valve that
usually looks like a small, rectangular handle. When this control is parallel to the pipe,
it means the gas is flowing. When it’s turned perpendicular (90˚) to the gas pipe, the
gas is turned off.
The outside gas main control requires a wrench to turn it on and off. Like other
outside controls for municipal and private utility service, in most cases the outside
gas shutoff should only be turned on and off by gas company personnel, or the fire
department.
7TG]cA[SZZ5Oa
When natural gas comes out of the ground at its source, it has no color or smell.
Companies that supply gas to consumers and businesses add the very noticeable odor
of rotten eggs to gas so that a leak is easy to detect.
This is very important. If you should ever smell a strong odor of natural gas, do not
use any devices that might make a spark. Light switches, phones, even turning on a
flashlight could ignite the gas and cause an explosion.
Leave your home immediately and take anyone else in the house with you, includ-
ing pets. Once you’re safely out of and away from the house, call the gas company or 911
from a neighbor’s house or your cell phone, if you’ve got one.
=bVS`5Oa1]\b`]Za
There is sometimes a gas supply main control inside the house, in addition to the
valve outside before the meter. It should be located close to where the gas supply
comes into the house. This one (if you’ve got one) is usually a ball valve, operated
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
"$
in the same way as a water supply main ball valve: parallel to the pipe means the gas
is flowing, and perpendicular to the pipe means the gas is off. Label this one “inside
main gas control.” Like the water supply valve, you may want to use fluorescent tape
on the label so it’s easy to see in a dark space.
Inside main gas supply
control.
There are also individual controls for every gas appliance in your home. Usually
they’re located on the metal supply pipe, where it connects to the flexible pipe that
supplies the appliance. While the gas supply stops, as they are called, may have a slightly
different look than the main supply ball valve, they work the same way.
Supply stops, also known as supply valves, are on/off controls found along household
utility supply lines, managing the flow of gas or water to individual fixtures and appli-
ances. Gas supply stops usually work on the principle of the ball valve, with the posi-
tion in line with supply pipe indicating “on,” and a position perpendicular to the pipe
indicating “off.” Supply stops for water fixtures usually work by turning the stops clock-
wise for shutoff, and counterclockwise for the open/on position. (Remember: righty,
tighty; lefty, loosey.) The handles of water supply stops are usually round or oval, but
sometimes older stops look like the gate valve pictured earlier in this chapter.
Propane is a gas derivative of the production of petroleum and natural gas, which is
then compressed into a transportable liquid. Many rural homeowners who do not have
access to natural gas pipelines use propane to power their gas appliances. Propane
is stored in a tank outside the house and piped inside. There is a shutoff at the tank
(reserved for the use of the propane service that you pay to keep the tank filled).
Inside the house, appliances using propane will have supply stops at the juncture of
the supply line and the appliance’s gas line. These stops will work the same way as
supply stops for natural gas.
1VO^bS`"( /;O^]TG]c`E]`ZR "%
Propane is just as flammable as natural gas, and is treated to have the same rotten egg
odor if it leaks into the air. If you detect the strong smell of gas, use the same extreme
caution as you would with natural gas. Don’t fool around, get outside quickly, and call
for help.
G]c`3ZSQb`WQAS`dWQS
Before you reach for your flashlight to go figure out your home’s electrical system,
remember that you need to use common sense when working around electrical wir-
ing. Do not even touch the electric service panel if there is standing water in the room
where it is located. Don’t use both hands to explore the panel; keep one at your side.
Touching both hands to the panel completes a circuit (you!), and you don’t want to be
the recipient of current gone astray. Take care!
Circuit
breakers
Electric service panel: circuit
breaker panel.
Main
shutoff
Depending upon how old your home is, your electrical controls will be located in a
metal box containing fuses—which look like tubes or glass-topped plugs—or toggle
switches, called circuit breakers. The toggle-switch type of circuit breaker meets cur-
rent electrical code requirements and has been around for more than 40 years; you’ll
find fuses in an older house. This metal box is connected to the large insulated wires
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
"&
that come into your house from the electric meter outside, and the electric company’s
power grid beyond it. The box, called an electric service panel, or “breaker box,” is
control central for the electric current that powers all the switches, receptacles, and
light sockets in your home.
Fuse panel (aka fuse box).
Fuses
Main
shutoff
If you have toggle-type circuit breakers, the main control that turns on and shuts off
all the electric current for the house is often (but not always) located at the top of
the service panel, above all the other circuit breakers. Sometimes, as in the previous
illustration, the main toggle switch is enclosed with a little access door; open the
door, and flip the switch to “off” to shut off. If you have fuses, you’ll find the main
fuse at the top of the box. The main toggle in the circuit breaker panel will usually
have a number on it, indicating the type of service coming into your home. This
A circuit breaker is a device that stops the flow of electricity in a circuit if there is too
much current for safe operation. Both the toggle switches and the fuses used in the two
types of service panels act as circuit breakers, but only the toggle-switch type are com-
monly referred to as circuit breakers. Toggle types move automatically to “off” in an
overload. Fuses “blow”; that is, the metal strip inside the fuse melts from the overload.
You will have to replace it with the same size and type of fuse.
1VO^bS`"( /;O^]TG]c`E]`ZR "'
service is measured in amps (amperes), so you will usually see the main toggle marked
100, 150, or 200.
Occasionally the main control for the service coming into your house will be located
in a different metal box, and sometimes a different location, than the service panel
containing the toggle switches or fuses for separate circuits. If you can’t locate the
main control—if it’s not obvious—then you need to call an electrician. They may be
nice enough to direct you to the main by instructing you over the phone, or you may
need to hire one to explain your system. Either way, you’re talking about electricity, so
knowledge is much safer than ignorance here.
If you’re lucky, someone has taken time to clearly identify all the circuits in the house
for you; each toggle switch or fuse is labeled with the rooms, switches, and receptacles,
or appliances that each breaker or fuse controls. If not, or if they’re labeled ambigu-
ously (for example, the previous owner marked a switch “Grandma’s bedroom,” so you
can’t identify it), it’s a good idea to create a “map” of all the circuits in your house,
then label the switches or fuses in the service panel or fuse box. When the lights shut
off from a current overload in the future, you’ll be glad you took the time to do this.
You’ll find instructions for creating a circuit map in Chapter 13.
/E]`YP]]YT]`G]c`6][S
When something goes wrong with the workings of your house, you’ll find a lot of
solutions in this book. But as you read, you’ll find that some instructions contain the
words “often,” or “usually,” or “consult your owner’s manual.” That’s because every
mechanical system and appliance may have parts or works that diverge from a certain
reliable standard. Perhaps the switch you’re looking for is on the back of the appli-
ance, not the front, where it is on 90 percent of the models most people see.
The more information you make available to yourself about your house, its systems,
and all the appliances and conveniences it holds, the better able you will be to trouble-
shoot problems, judge which ones you can handle, and quickly assign the tough chores
to the pros.
So, put it all together. Get yourself a 3-ring notebook with a wide spine (3 inches or
more). The D-ring style holds pages flat most easily. If you have a lot of notebooks,
buy this one in a color you can find quickly (red or yellow are highly visible). Fill it
with those clear plastic sheet protectors—the kind that hold multi-page documents. If
you want to be really organized, buy a pack or two of dividers, and label them with the
name of each room and section of the house: kitchen, baths, bedrooms, living room,
basement, attic, garage, and so on.
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
#
What will you put in this notebook? Let me give you a few ideas of basic things you
can keep in it.
/^^ZWO\QSO\R4Wfbc`SCaSO\R1O`S;O\cOZa
Not every equipment problem signals the need for a repair or a service call. Some-
times you may have forgotten to turn a switch on or off. Maybe you’ve tried to start
the device improperly. Use and care manuals contain instructions for assembling
(when necessary), starting and stopping an appliance or fixture, and using it properly
and safely. This handy guide usually has an illustrated diagram of the device, complete
with the names and location of all its parts, including the label that will provide the
model and serial numbers for your specific piece of equipment.
Often there’s a handy section on troubleshooting—that is, strategies for figuring out
what’s wrong if something’s not working properly, usually followed by the manufactur-
er’s 800 helpline number or website URL. In addition, you’ll find a listing of autho-
rized service representatives.
These manuals are great. If you’ve got them all in a drawer somewhere, transfer them
to the sheet protectors in your notebook. If you’re really organized, file each one
behind the divider you’ve labeled with the name of the room where the equipment is
located.
If you’re not very organized, now’s the time to start. Those little instruction booklets
can save you a lot of time!
Can’t find the use and care manual for an appliance or piece of equipment? If you
can locate the manufacturer name, model number, and serial number (usually listed
on a label somewhere on the device), you may be able to find the manual from
the manufacturer’s website. This is very possible if your equipment is fairly new, less
so if it’s more than five to seven years old. Once you find the manual online, you can
download and then print a hard copy of it to file in your workbook. (Be sure to have
plenty of printer paper and an almost-full ink cartridge before you try to do this.) If an
Internet search proves fruitless, try calling the manufacturer’s 800-number consumer
help line.
What Pros Know
1VO^bS`"( /;O^]TG]c`E]`ZR #
@SQSW^baO\R;O\cTOQbc`S`Âa2SOZS`ÂaEO``O\bWSa
When something breaks down not long after you’ve purchased it, it may be covered
for service or repair by the existing manufacturer’s warranty, or a warranty you pur-
chased from the retailer when you bought the equipment. File your purchase receipt
and a copy of the warranty with the use and care manual. If your device is covered,
your tool kit can stay in its storage location. In fact, never try to repair something yourself
when it is still under warranty; you’ll void the warranty. Call the number listed on the
warranty; or call the dealer, if you purchased the warranty through the retail store.
Some manufacturers guarantee their equipment for life. I never believed I’d take
someone up on this promise, and was doubtful that what was promised was indeed
true (I can be cynical). But most companies who make this pledge turn out to actually
mean it. When my very expensive, guaranteed-for-life kitchen faucet came apart after
just a year, I called the manufacturer, and two days later, they had a new one delivered
to my door!
Now, there must have been some serious flaw in the design (or in the user—me!) but
the faucet broke again about two years later. And, true to its word, the manufacturer
sent me another new faucet.
Make use of your lifetime guarantees! They’ll save you money and time.
3_cW^[S\b;O\cOZa]`AQVS[ObWQa
Heating and cooling devices (furnaces, central air-conditioning units), water treatment
units, and other big items that figure in the major operations of your home, may have
been installed long before you arrived. In that case, you may be out of luck on obtain-
ing a manual or a detailed drawing (called a schematic) that illustrates the equipment
with labels for its parts. If you’ve got a drawing or manual, pop it in your workbook.
It will help you when something goes wrong with your big systems. Down the road, if
and when you sell the house, the buyer will appreciate this documentation.
/1W`QcWb;O^]TG]c`6][S
If your circuits are clearly labeled, copy the information on a piece of paper to keep in
your home workbook. If they’re not, you should go to Chapter 13 as soon as you can
and learn how to create this valuable map.
>O`b( 5SbbW\Ub]9\]eG]c`6]caS
#
AS`dWQS@SQ]`Ra
When you do a repair on any equipment in your home, save the receipt. Make sure
you or the professional service person notes the scope of the work and the date it was
done. That way if a repair fails you’ve got a record, and you’ll know if you’ve got a
chronic problem with something in your house.
File these records right behind the manuals and warranties you keep for the equip-
ment.
=bVS`E]`YP]]Y7bS[a
When you do a home improvement—install new carpet, paint a room, upgrade your
kitchen—you can put the records and specifications, receipts, and manuals in the
appropriate section of your workbook. This is particularly helpful when you’re look-
ing to match paint or other materials to do a repair later on.
If you take the time to start it, and use it as information central for all the important
components of your house, your personal home workbook will save you hours of time,
and probably lots of money!
BVS:SOabG]c<SSRb]9\]e
U
The proper time to find out where to find the controls for your water, gas, and
electric service is before there’s a problem—that is, right now.
U
Label all the main shutoffs to make them easy to see and read.
U
If you can’t locate your main controls, don’t hesitate. Call a pro who can help
you find them.
U
For easy reference, for saving time and money, and for troubleshooting prob-
lems, create a home workbook to keep your manuals, diagrams, and service and
repair records in one place.
2
>O`b
Walls, floors, ceilings, stairs, windows, and doors are the first things you
see when you look at a house. If the heating system and appliances are like
its vital organs, a home’s surfaces are like its skin. And although neglecting
surfaces will not usually make a house fall down, they’re components that
everyone notices.
Unfortunately, like our own skin, these parts of the house show signs of
aging and the bruises of long and continued use. Your house may have little
indicators of time passing—nicked walls, bumpy floors, doors and stairs
that squeak and sigh. It’s inevitable, just like wrinkles.
But if you’re not yet ready for the face lift—a full-tilt, expensive
renovation—there are a lot of small repairs and cosmetic fixes that
will brighten this top layer of your house, and help you enjoy it more.
Part 2 gives you lots of ideas and plenty of instruction.
AYW\2SS^(
@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSa
O\R=^S\W\Ua
5
1VO^bS`
EOZZa(4`][B`OaVBOZY
b]A[]]bVBOZY
7\BVWa1VO^bS`
U
Making minor repairs to drywall surfaces, and patching a larger hole
U
Repairing small cracks in plaster
U
Replacing grout, and removing and replacing a cracked or broken
ceramic tile
U
Making minor repairs to wallpaper
Unfortunately, your walls do talk. Every bump with a furniture leg, hit with
a hockey stick, and bounce of a ball where it shouldn’t be can make a mess
of your nice, smooth walls. Sometimes, a scuff will wash away with soap
and water, but sooner or later, deeper evidence of close encounters of the
worst kind will need treatment.
In this chapter, you’ll learn to work with joint compound and other soft
stuff: grout, tile cement, glue, and other materials to make beat-up walls
look clean and new. And working with all this goop may bring back nice
memories of your sandbox days!
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
#$
;W\]`2`geOZZ@S^OW`a
Drywall is the most common type of base wall material, and what you’ll usually find in
houses less than fifty years old. It is made by sandwiching a gypsum core, which is fire
resistant, between layers of paper. Sometimes known as Sheetrock, wallboard, or gyp-
sum board, this material is also made in a water-resistant variety for use in damp areas
such as basements and bathrooms.
You may not want to fix dings, dents, or popped fasteners every time they happen; if
you’ve got an active family or an enthusiastic pet, little nicks and dents are bound to
occur frequently. But sooner or later, your walls will get that tired, worn-out look. If
possible, wait until your room is ready for its next paint job.
These little repairs are easy to do but take time because there are several steps.
Between each step, you must wait for the patching medium to dry. Normally this
means waiting 8–12 hours (or overnight) to go to the next step. Unless you’re that
rare bird with time on her hands, make all the wall repairs in one room on the same
weekend, or successive days, so that all the fill-ins dry in one waiting period, are
primed at one time, then painted at one time.
With little repairs, work gently. A bold, heavy hand will make a small flaw larger.
Be sure to wear safety goggles and a dust mask whenever you sand to protect
your eyes and lungs. Maybe you think it’s wimpy to protect your eyes, nose, and
mouth for simple, small repairs. But I think my vital parts are worth protecting, no matter
how few small particles are flying. Over time, little particles add up to bigger problems,
and tiny crumbs of plaster in the eye can create a big problem. So be safe when you
sand! I also hate sweeping and dusting, so the newspapers or drop cloth are my con-
stant home repair sidekicks; they’re much cheaper than a cleaning service.
Ounce of Prevention
@S^OW`W\U2W\UaO\R2S\ba
You’ll need the following:
Q
Sanding block or sandpaper (80–100 grit and 120–150 grit)
Q
Utility knife
Q
Clean sponge or cloth
1VO^bS`#( EOZZa(4`][B`OaVBOZYb]A[]]bVBOZY #%
Q
Putty knife
Q
Joint compound
1. Lay newspaper or a drop cloth below the repair site to catch debris. Put on
safety goggles and a dust mask when you sand to protect your eyes and lungs.
2. Using the 80–100 grit sanding block or paper,
lightly sand the dent to remove
little flecks of the drywall or paint that hang on the surface.
3. Gently cut away any torn pieces of the drywall that remain at the repair site with
a utility knife.
4. Wipe the dent with a damp cloth or sponge to remove any bits that remain in
the dent area.
5. With the putty knife, fill the dent with joint compound, and smooth the surface
of the repair. Wipe off and clean the putty knife. Allow the repair to dry (usually
overnight; see joint compound package directions).
Sand the dent.
Fill the dent.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
#&
6. When the repaired surface is dry, sand with the fine (150-grit) sandpaper.
If the surface looks rough or bumpy, or if any of the dents can still be seen, you’ll need
another cycle of compound application/drying time/sanding. If you’re satisfied with
the repair, wipe it off with a damp cloth or sponge, or vacuum the repaired area using
the brush tool. You are ready to prime and repaint.
When applying joint compound, your result should blend into the surrounding wall.
While the recesses caused by denting and nicking should be filled, you don’t want
the surrounding walls to look like a relief map of the Rockies. Aim for a finished
repair that is as flush to the intact drywall surface as you can make it. Think of the
compound as a thin glaze, not fluffy frosting!
What Pros Know
>]^^SR<OWZa
While most pros now opt for screws and power drivers to install drywall, nails used to
be the fastener of choice for attaching wallboard to the wall studs (lumber that creates
the frame for the walls). A drywall/wallboard nail (they may be called by either name)
has little rings on its shank and a flat, round head. Even though they’re designed to
stay put, these sturdy fasteners do pop out from time to time. Here’s how to keep
them in their place.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Claw hammer
Q
Drywall nails
Q
Putty knife
Q
Joint compound
Q
Sanding block or sandpaper (150-grit)
Q
Clean sponge or cloth
1. Lay newspaper or a drop cloth below the repair site to catch debris. Put on
safety goggles and a dust mask when you sand to protect your eyes and lungs.
2. Hammer the nail back into the drywall so it’s flush with the wall. With a second
hit, create a small dimple in the wall around the nail. Don’t pound hard; you
want a dimple, not a tear. Then drive a second nail next to the first, to hold the
popped one in its place, and create a second, overlapping dimple.
1VO^bS`#( EOZZa(4`][B`OaVBOZYb]A[]]bVBOZY #'
3. Using the putty knife, apply joint compound over the nail heads and dimples.
Clean the putty knife and allow the compound to dry. When the repair is dry,
sand the area and wipe off any remaining dust. You are ready to prime and
repaint.
Create dimple.
Apply compound to dimples.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
$
>ObQVW\U6]ZSa
Oops! I know you didn’t mean to put your hammer (or the shower rod, or some other
object) through the wall, but there it is: a nasty-looking void in the drywall. It used
to be that fixing this kind of damage meant ripping out a section of drywall between
studs and doing a (very) labor-intensive repair. Hardware stores now stock a great
invention for holes of relatively small diameter: a mesh patch you can place over the
hole. It’s got a sticky back that adheres to the intact wall surface around the cavity.
These patches are available in sizes up to about 8 inches square.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Utility knife
Q
Sanding block or sandpaper (80–100 and 120–150 grit)
Q
Mesh wall patch (about 2× the area of the hole)
Q
Tray to hold compound
Q
Joint compound
Q
Putty knife (4" or wider, depending on the hole)
Q
Clean sponge or cloth
1. Cover the floor with newspaper and place a drop cloth on the surrounding area
to protect furnishings. (This job may raise more dust than the others!) Put on
safety goggles and a dust mask when you sand to protect your eyes and lungs.
2. Prepare the surface for the patch. Use the utility knife to cut away any protrud
-
ing or hanging pieces of drywall. You might also want to sand the edge of the
hole gently with the coarser grit (80–100) sandpaper. The idea is to make the
surface of the hole flush with the wall, not to make the hole bigger!
3. Peel away the backing paper from the mesh patch and center the patch over the
hole; then stick it down, smoothing the edges.
1VO^bS`#( EOZZa(4`][B`OaVBOZYb]A[]]bVBOZY $
4. Load your tray with joint compound. Use the putty knife to apply the compound
over the patch. Cover the mesh area completely, applying compound beyond the
borders of the mesh. Smooth on the compound from side to side, top to bottom,
corner to corner. When you’re finished, clean and dry the knife and tray.
Apply the mesh patch.
Apply compound to patch.
5. Let the repair dry—like other drywall repairs, this one will take 8 or more hours.
Then sand the dried area with the coarse (80–100) sandpaper. Wipe away any
dust with a damp sponge or cloth.
6. Apply a second coat of compound as in Step 4. Let the compound dry. This
time, use the fine sandpaper (120–150), and clean up as before. You’re ready to
prime and paint.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
$
:]]aS2`geOZZBO^S
Drywall seams are joined and sealed by means of drywall tape, now a nice, self-
stick product that usually stays put. But the drywall seams in your house may be put
together with the old, paper product. This sometimes lifts off, and you can smooth it
down with a new strip of 2-inch drywall repair tape, then go over it with joint com-
pound and your putty knife, just the way you repaired everything else in this section.
If the old drywall tape is lifting all over the place in a section of a room, or rooms,
this may be an indication of a moisture problem behind the sheetrock, and that’s not
funny.
Moisture in the walls not only damages drywall. It could degrade insulation, cause
mold, and on and on. If you repair lifted tape and the problem keeps popping up, call
in a pro.
@S^OW`W\U1`OQYaW\>ZOabS`
Plaster is a beautiful wall surface; intact plaster has a smooth, hard finish that is beau-
tiful to the eye and the touch. If you’ve got an old house, your walls may be covered
with this material, which is traditionally applied in three coats over a layer of lath that
is attached to the wall studs. But houses settle, and that’s when the fun begins. Sooner
or later, cracks and other defects may appear.
For all of us in DIY 101, the cracks are what we’ll deal with. Bigger jobs are for the
pros.
Spackling compound is a bit thicker than joint compound, and is good for repairing
hairline cracks in plaster.
Small flaws—dents, popped nails, and the like—can usually be covered with a
2" or 3" putty knife, and joint compound applied right from its small container. If
you’ve got holes or a lot of imperfections to cover, you’ll probably want a larger
bucket of compound and a broader knife, 4" or wider, to cover the hole(s). To keep
the compound from drying out, transfer the quantity you think you’ll need into a tray
(you’ll find trays near the joint compound in the hardware store or home center). Then
reclose the lid on the compound bucket to preserve the rest. Professional drywall install-
ers work quickly, and waste neither time nor words. They call joint compound “mud,”
an apt description that saves two syllables!
What Pros Know
1VO^bS`#( EOZZa(4`][B`OaVBOZYb]A[]]bVBOZY $!
You’ll need the following:
Q
Lever-type can opener
Q
Clean sponge or cloth
Q
Spackling compound
Q
Sanding block (150-grit)
1. Lay newspaper or a drop cloth below the work area to catch debris. Put on safety
goggles and a dust mask when you sand to protect your eyes and lungs.
2. In order for the compound to make a good bond with the wall and the underly
-
ing layer of plaster beneath the crack, a hairline crack should be opened to about
1
/
8
" wide. Do this by running the tip of a lever-type can opener (or the tip of the
blade of a table knife) down the length of the crack. Brush away any crumbs of
plaster that remain with a damp sponge or cloth.
Lath is the foundation for plas-
ter, or sometimes for tile. It is
traditionally a framework of thin
wood strips, or, more recently,
wire mesh.
Open plaster crack uniformly.
3. With your forefinger, push the spackling compound into the crack using smooth
strokes until the crack is filled, end to end. The repair should overlap the wall
slightly, creating a bond with the plaster.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
$"
4. Wash your hands, and let the repair dry (up to 24 hours; check the spackling
compound package directions). When it’s dry, if the patch seems to have shrunk
into the crack, repeat Step 3, filling the indentation until the patch is flush with
the wall, then let the area dry completely.
5. Sand the dry surface of the repair, and wipe away remaining dust. You’re ready to
prime and paint.
Because plaster is usually composed of three layers—a base coat, a second thicker coat,
and a top coat (the beauty part), damage below the surface layer and beyond small
cracks can be a tough DIY project. If you’re patient, don’t mind a lot of dust, and have
plenty of spare time, see Appendix B for some sources of help for larger repairs.
You may prefer to call in a professional. Plasterers are artisans, but since drywall has
so overwhelmingly replaced plaster in modern construction, masters of this craft are
disappearing. It may take some time and sleuthing to find a good one.
5`]cbO\RBWZS1`OQYc^a
Attractive, quite sturdy, and easy to clean, tile is a great wall covering in bathrooms,
on kitchen backsplashes, and anywhere moisture can settle. A sponge or damp cloth
wipes away dust and grime. It’s wonderful stuff!
Over time, though, the grout (cement filling) between the tiles can become dirty and
start to degrade; little bits of grout can chip or crack, and then it’s time to renew the
Apply spackling compound.
1VO^bS`#( EOZZa(4`][B`OaVBOZYb]A[]]bVBOZY $#
offending seams. If grout is falling like rain,
you may want to call a pro. Doing a whole
wall or a whole room could be more work
than you bargained for.
Sometimes, bad stuff happens to good walls.
A single tile will develop an obvious crack,
or fracture from too many hits with a pot,
or the vacuum cleaner. Replacement is fairly
straightforward if you’ve got some leftover tile
stashed away.
You’ll need to remove the grout around the
broken piece before you remove the tile.
@S^ZOQW\U5`]cb
Finding grout to match what’s already there may be the hardest part of this small job.
Before you start, chip out a little sample of grout from the crumbling area with a util-
ity knife, and bring it to the tile store. If you can’t find a perfect match, ask the tile
dealer about grout dye, which is applied like paint, with a brush, to the replacement
grout. You may find just the right shade to make your repair invisible.
Oh, and if you’ve got a match, after you take what you need, be sure to close the pack-
age containing the remaining grout. Store it in an airtight container, labeled with the
color and where it is used in your house. Love those leftovers!
You’ll need the following:
Q
Masking or painter’s tape
Q
Utility knife or grout saw
Q
Grout to match what’s already there
Q
Clean sponge or cloth
Q
Grout sealer
1. Removing grout will create some debris in the area below the damage; spread
newspaper or a drop cloth in the work area. Put on safety goggles to protect
your eyes from flying debris.
If the grout in the tiled
areas of your home still
looks good, a great little week-
end project would be to seal
it. Your local tile dealer stocks
sealers that are easy to apply,
and will protect the surface of
the grout; just follow the package
directions. If you seal the grout
every couple of years, you may
be able to skip this section for a
while!
Ounce of Prevention
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
$$
2. The surface of ceramic tile is vulnerable to scratching and chipping. If you’re
removing grout, or a cracked or broken tile, you’ll want to mask the edges of the
surrounding tiles with masking or painter’s tape so the repair you’re doing won’t
create more work!
Mask around the repair.
3. Remove the old grout with a utility knife or a grout saw. Ceramic tile is usually
1
/
4
" thick (or less) so work carefully and don’t cut into the surface of the wall.
A grout saw looks like a large
utility knife with an offset
handle. It is useful for cut-
ting grout, especially if grout
seams are wider than
1
/
4
". A
utility knife is fine for cutting
narrower seams.
1VO^bS`#( EOZZa(4`][B`OaVBOZYb]A[]]bVBOZY $%
4. Make sure the seams are free of the old grout, then mix the new grout according
to package directions.
5. You won’t be needing the masking at this point, so remove it from around the
open seam(s). Apply the grout to the open seam(s); smooth it with your finger.
6. When the seams are completely filled and look smooth, you can wipe away any
grout remaining on the surrounding tiles with a damp sponge or cloth. Let the
grout dry, then seal it with a grout sealer according to package directions.
@S^ZOQW\UO1S`O[WQBWZS
If you’re only replacing one or two tiles, you will only need a small quantity of tile
adhesive, also called mastic. Bring the replacement tile with you, or ask the tile dealer
when you buy a replacement which adhesive is suited to the job. Purchase that variety.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Masking or painter’s tape
Q
Utility knife or grout saw
Q
Metal straight edge
Q
Glass-cutting tool
Q
Nail set
Q
Hammer
Q
Cold chisel
Q
Putty knife
Q
Tile adhesive/mastic
Q
Replacement tile
Q
Wood block
Q
Grout to match what’s already there
Q
Clean sponge or cloth
1. Protect surrounding tiles with masking or painter’s tape, and cover the floor
around the work area with newspapers or a drop cloth. Put on safety goggles to
protect your eyes from flying debris.
If your broken tile is over
the bathtub, you’ll want
to protect the surface of the tub
from flying shards of tile. Cover
the whole tub with a drop cloth.
Bits of tile can be very sharp and
downright dangerous when they
become airborne. In addition to
your goggles, protect your arms
with long sleeves—button sleeves
if they have buttons so loose cuffs
won’t be in your way.
Ounce of Prevention
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
$&
2. Remove the old grout; follow the instructions in the repair just described.
3. Using the straight edge as a cutting guide, and the glass-cutting tool, score the
damaged/broken tile with an X mark, corner to corner on the diagonal.
The glass-cutting tool is not
only good for cutting glass;
you can use it to score many
hard, brittle materials.
Score the crack.
4. Position the nail set at the center of the X, and tap with the hammer to loosen
the cracked tile.
5. Using the hammer and the cold chisel, carefully chip out the tile. Once you have
gotten enough small pieces out, you can hammer the end of the putty knife (if
it’s got a metal end on the handle) to carefully work out the tile. Take care not
to gouge the underlying wallboard. Hold the chisel or knife at an angle so that
you’re lifting tile but not denting or tearing drywall.
1VO^bS`#( EOZZa(4`][B`OaVBOZYb]A[]]bVBOZY $'
6. When all the tile bits are removed, scrape out the remaining dried tile adhesive
with the putty knife, also taking care to leave the underlying wall intact.
7. If you do make a gouge in the wall, go back to the drywall repair section of this
chapter and make the repair. You’ll have to wait for the compound to dry, then
sand it and wipe away any remaining dust before you set the tile. (Remember to
wear a dust mask when you sand.)
8. Using the putty knife (be sure it’s clean and dry), “butter” the back of the tile
with adhesive, and position it where the old tile was set. Wipe away any mastic
that squishes up from beneath the tile.
9. Using a wood block to protect the surface of the new tile, hammer the block
gently so that the tile is level with the surrounding work.
10. Hold the tile in place with masking or painter’s tape while it dries (tape it up and
down, side to side, to the adjoining intact tile work).
Chisel out broken tile.
Secure the new tile in place.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
%
11. Once the tile is set (adhesive should usually set for 24 hours; check the directions
on the adhesive packaging), grout the seams around the tile, and wipe any excess
grout away with a damp sponge.
Replace grout.
12. When the grout dries, apply a sealer according to package directions.
Uh oh! You have no leftover tile and there’s nothing resembling it at the six or seven
tile stores you’ve visited. (Did you check their discard piles of extras from old jobs?
Don’t forget to try.) If you’re willing to sacrifice a few intact tiles, and the field (your
tile wall) isn’t too large, you can make lemonade out of this lemon of a dilemma.
Buy a few contrasting tiles that fit the color scheme in your room, or a few pretty art tiles
that will complement the décor, and install them randomly. This replacement method will
look like a design, not a repair, if done well. If this sounds like too much work, it won’t
take a pro long to replace a few tiles with substitutes, and the price will beat a com-
plete retiling.
What Pros Know
;W\]`EOZZ^O^S`@S^OW`a
After he graduated from the crib to a big-boy bed, my son lulled himself to sleep by
picking at the wallpaper where his bed aligned with the wall. Cleverly, he did this
below the level of the mattress, so I didn’t notice until he had removed a fairly large
patch of paper. To give him an alternative sleep aid to peeling wallpaper, we went
shopping for a new fuzzy stuffed friend, and then I learned to patch. Fortunately for
1VO^bS`#( EOZZa(4`][B`OaVBOZYb]A[]]bVBOZY %
me, the paper was a simple grid pattern; it was easy to line up the pattern and cut a
patch along the grid lines. And my son loved Jerry, his new bear!
Even though you can return unused rolls of wallpaper and get a little money back,
save at least one roll of leftover paper from any wallpaper project for unexpected mis-
haps, and store it with your other leftover supplies. Most wallpaper patterns go out of
production after a couple of seasons, and if you’ve got a tear or hole in a prominent
position that you can’t cover with a hanging picture, you will regret being penny-wise!
0c`abW\UBV]aS0cPPZSa
Unlike popping balloons, getting rid of air bubbles beneath wallpaper is a delicate
maneuver.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Utility knife
Q
All-purpose glue
Q
Toothpick
Q
Clean sponge or cloth
Carefully make a slit in the bubble and press it flat with your fingertip. If it won’t stay
down, put a little all-purpose glue on a toothpick, and carefully spread the glue under-
neath the lifted area. Press down, and wipe away any excess glue with a damp sponge.
Flatten a wallpaper bubble.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
%
4ZObbS\W\U4ZO^^gASO[a
A good paperhanger takes care to match and flatten each strip of wallpaper so that
the pattern—not the strips—are what you see when you walk into the room. Over
time, the adhesive that once kept the edges down may dry out sufficiently that the
seams begin to lift off the wall in places. And these little “lift-offs” can tear if someone
brushes against them. A little first aid will keep your seams straight!
You’ll need the following:
Q
All-purpose glue
Q
Toothpick
Q
Clean sponge or cloth
Q
Wallpaper seam roller
As with the burst bubble, put a little glue behind the tear or the lift. Use a toothpick
for gluing very small lifts. Press down, making sure the repair lines up properly with
the adjoining pattern. Wipe away any excess glue that blobs out from under the repair
with a damp sponge. Roll the seam with the seam roller for a neat, flat finish.
Glue a wallpaper seam.
1VO^bS`#( EOZZa(4`][B`OaVBOZYb]A[]]bVBOZY %!
>ObQVW\UOB]`\ASQbW]\]TEOZZ^O^S`
That leftover roll of wallpaper is key to this repair. You’ll need to make your patch
line up with the existing paper, to make it less visible. It’s best if the corners of the
patch wind up inside the pattern, rather than on the plain background of the paper, so
the repair is less visible. If the paper is a very busy pattern with little or no plain back-
ground, the corners should disappear nicely.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Utility knife
Q
Blue painter’s tape
Q
Straight edge
Q
Putty knife
Q
Wall sealer (for repair area)
Q
Bucket of lukewarm water
Q
Sponge
Q
Leftover matching wallpaper
Q
Wallpaper adhesive, or a shallow pan of water
Q
Brush for applying wallpaper adhesive, if necessary
Q
Wallpaper seam roller
A wallpaper seam roller will
glide over your repair without
hitting a snag. It’s also great
for smoothing anything else
you have to glue and flatten.
Dipping it for about ten seconds in a pan of water activates the adhesive on pre-
pasted wallpaper. Unpasted wallpaper is applied with wallpaper paste. Which
kind is yours? Sometimes the manufacturer will tell you by printing the information
on the backside of the paper. If you can’t figure it out, dip a scrap of paper in
water and see if it will stick to a wall surface. (Unless you want to keep it there, remove
immediately after checking and wipe away the residue with a sponge!) Expensive
designer papers, meant to be installed by pros, are often unpasted. If you’re still in
doubt, bring a scrap to the wallpaper store and ask.
What Pros Know
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
%"
1. Spread newspaper or a drop cloth below the work area to catch debris.
2. With the utility knife, remove any bits of wallpaper that are hanging loose. Cut
a piece of wallpaper from your leftover roll that covers the torn or damaged area
with a generous border around it.
Cut the patch.
3. Carefully match the edges of the patch to the existing wallpaper, and tape it flush
to the wall with blue painter’s tape.
4. Using the utility knife and your straight edge, cut out a square or rectangular
patch inside the taped edges that also encloses the torn area. You will be cutting
the patch and scoring the existing paper at the same time. Take care not to
gouge the wall. (If you should slip, you can always repair the underlying drywall
with the skill you learned earlier in this chapter!)
1VO^bS`#( EOZZa(4`][B`OaVBOZYb]A[]]bVBOZY %#
5. Set aside your newly cut patch for the moment. Dampen the scored area around
the torn area and use the putty knife to scrape away the wallpaper. You may
have to apply warm water to the paper and let it soak for a few minutes to make
removal easier.
If your old paper is strippable (it may say so on the back of the paper), you can
just lift the corner of the paper with your putty knife and pull it back, holding
the paper at a sharp 10˚ angle. Peel carefully.
Remove old paper.
6. When all the paper is removed from the area you will patch (with your “custom
fit” replacement), apply wall sealer (from the wallpaper store; ask the dealer)
according to package directions, and let it dry.
7. If you’re using a prepasted wallpaper, dip it in water and then install it over
the opening you’ve prepared, taking care to line up the pattern and the seams.
Use the sponge to wipe away excess moisture. (If using unpasted paper, apply
adhesive to the back of the patch according to directions. Wipe away any excess
adhesive from the edges of the repair.) Smooth the paper from the center to the
edges, taking care to keep the pattern in line.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
%$
8. When you’re satisfied with the fit, run the seam roller along the edges for a nice,
flat edge. Let the patch dry.
BVS:SOabG]c<SSRb]9\]e
U
Wall repairs take time because many patch products dry slowly. The good news:
you don’t have to watch! Do something else while you wait.
U
Save and label leftovers from renovation projects. You never know when you’ll
need an extra tile or piece of wallpaper.
U
A heavy hand in wall repairs makes more work. Light and easy does it!
U
Always protect your eyes, mouth, and nose when sanding.
Install the patch.
6
1VO^bS`
4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(
0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R
<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR
7\BVWa1VO^bS`
U
Making small repairs to hardwood floors, and replacing a laminate
floorboard
U
Replacing a vinyl or ceramic tile or a small area of resilient flooring
that’s been damaged
U
Cleaning stains and replacing a section of wall-to-wall carpet
U
Smoothing a ceiling that’s starting to show its age
There’s a trend today for people to take care of their floors by adopting the
Japanese custom of leaving their shoes at the door. It’s a nice idea if your
family can live with it; it will certainly cut down on the sweeping/
vacuuming schedule. Of course, if you have pets who track in all kinds of
debris, and you’re not compulsive about making your guests and your UPS
delivery man remove their shoes, your floors will sooner or later suffer the
same indignities as any shoe-wearing household.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
%&
When really bad things happen to floors—deep gouges, extensive water damage, I’m
talking disaster here—you’ll have to opt for refinishing or replacement. But barring a
crisis, there are lots of things you can do to maintain an old floor’s—or its covering’s—
attractive appearance. Read on.
E]]R4Z]]`a(AYW\@S^OW`
Water marks, burn marks, and scratches all affect the appearance of your hardwood
floors. They’re like blemishes; some people don’t mind them, but others rush for a
cover-up. If you choose the cover-up strategy, it’s best to deal with them as soon after
they happen as possible. When you’re trying to fix a minor flaw, you’ll need to use a
wax stripper to remove the protective finish from the damage site. Check with your
hardware store associate about the appropriate stripping product for the finish on your
floor. When you’re finished with the repair, you can rewax or oil the area.
The liquids used for oiling, waxing, and repairing blemished floors may be flam-
mable and toxic. Read the directions on the product container, and use and store
these substances according to manufacturer’s instructions. When you’re working and the
stuff is wet or drying, close off your work area from children and pets. Be sure to wear
snug-fitting rubber or latex gloves to protect your hands from these liquids.
Ounce of Prevention
EObS`;O`Ya
I know everyone in your house is supposed to use a coaster under their drinks, but if
Dad set a glass of water on the floor and forgot it, try this fix.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Fine steel wool (#0000)
Q
Paste wax or liquid floor wax
Q
Wax stripper
Q
Clean soft rags (or cheesecloth, cut into little pads)
Q
Odorless mineral spirits
1VO^bS`$( 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR %'
1. Open the windows when you’re using
waxes and other floor repair products.
Some people like the smell, but it’s
really not good to expose yourself to
these fumes in an unventilated area.
Wear gloves when you’re using the
liquids.
2. Using a wax stripper, remove the finish
from the stained area.
3. Rub the water marks with the steel
wool and a little paste or liquid wax.
4. If the marks don’t disappear, wipe up the wax with a clean rag or cheesecloth
pad. Rub the area again with the steel wool, using a small amount of mineral
spirits.
Wipe clean, let dry, and rewax or reoil the area.
0c`\;O`Ya
Grandpa’s lit cigar fell on the floor and left a mark in the finish. Now you’ve got a
good excuse to make him take his habit outside! But you still need to repair the floor.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Fine sandpaper (220–400 grit)
Q
Clean, damp rag
Q
Utility knife
Q
Putty stick or stick shellac to match the floor surface
If a burn has just darkened the surface of the wood, you can sand it with fine sandpa-
per, and wipe up the sanding dust with the damp cloth. (Wear a dust mask when sand-
ing to protect your lungs from particles.) Finish as desired; you may want to give the
area a light coat with the putty or shellac stick before you reoil or rewax the spot. Use
the sticks according to manufacturer’s directions.
For a deeper burn, follow these steps:
1. Carefully scrape out the burned area with the tip of your utility knife; be sure the
blade is sharp (if in doubt, pop in a new one first).
Cheesecloth is a light, gauzy fab-
ric originally used to strain and
hold cheese. In the absence of a
good supply of soft, clean rags,
and folded into palm-sized pads,
it’s a great substitute if you’ve run
out of old flannel shirts and paja-
mas. Hardware stores and home
centers sell it in inexpensive and
generous packages.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
&
2. Apply one or more coats of the putty stick or stick shellac.
Rewax or reoil the spot.
Putty sticks, stick shellac, and small containers of wood putty are sold in different
colors to match different wood finishes. Without a spare piece of wood to make a
perfect match, use your digital camera to take a photo of your floor and bring your
snapshot to the hardware store. When in doubt about the color, go lighter rather
than darker. You can always cover the lighter filler with a darker shade, but too-dark
material will create another blemish.
What Pros Know
AQ`ObQVSaO\R5]cUSa
You don’t have to be too compulsive about this; if you’ve got dogs and kids, you’ll be
fixing scratches every other day. But before routine waxing or oiling of your floor,
and after stripping the protective finish, you can spend a little time touching up the
scratches with your handy putty stick or stick shellac, then rewax or reoil the area.
For a deeper gouge, you may get a better result by using wood putty from a can to
fill the gouged spot. When it dries, you can feather the edges with fine sandpaper. If
the patch is too visible, touch it up with the putty stick or stick shellac. Then rewax or
reoil the spot.
>`SdS\bW\U0ZS[WaVSa
If you dislike housecleaning as much as I do, you won’t like this advice. But it works.
I’ve already discussed the no-shoes strategy. But if you can’t deal with that, the best
defense for your floor’s finish is frequent sweeping or vacuuming. Surface dirt is the
real culprit in floor wear.
4Z]]`P]O`R4WfSa
Wobbly wood floors are annoying and dangerous: that thing that goes bump in the
night could be you! Here are a few common problems, and how to solve them.
1VO^bS`$( 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR &
2`WZZW\U>WZ]b6]ZSa
Before you drive a screw or nail into hardwood floors, you must first excavate one
or more of what’s called a pilot hole with your electric drill. The drill hole acts like a
“pilot” for your nail or screw, literally directing it toward a tight, clean insertion. Pilot
holes are your insurance that you won’t chew up the flooring with a poorly hammered
nail or a screwy screw . Many instructions in this book call for pilot holes. If you’re
unfamiliar with using the drill, practice on a piece of wood that you clamp firmly to
a work table (careful, don’t drill the table). Wear safety goggles when you drill. Drill
holes until you get a feel for the tool. (If you’re having trouble, refer to the drill’s use
and care manual for further guidance.)
A^ZWb]`1`OQYSR0]O`Ra
You’d be amazed at what falls in the cracks! One Christmas, my husband gave me a
beautiful pair of earrings, and I lost one. It was tiny, and I’d given up ever finding it
again. But when I repaired a crack in a dining room floorboard, what do you think I
found?
You’ll need the following:
Q
Electric drill
Q
A combination pilot bit (its shank should be slightly shorter than the depth you
drive your nail)
Q
Annular ring nails, long enough to go through the floorboard and almost
through the subfloor when countersunk (your nails can be about 2" for standard
3
/
4
" floor and subfloor)
Q
Claw hammer
Q
Nail set
Q
Wood putty or wood filler
Q
Finish to match your floor
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
&
1. Wearing safety goggles, drill pilot holes at an angle every few inches along both
sides of the crack.
A combination bit, or screw
pilot, is the right bit for
drilling a pilot hole and coun-
tersinking the fastener. The
bit is graduated to a larger
diameter at the top, allowing
the fastener head to be coun-
tersunk with a nail set (if it’s
a nail) or a screwdriver (if
it’s a screw). If you’re not sure
of bit length, check with your
hardware store salesperson.
Countersink pilot holes along
a floorboard crack.
2. Drive in the annular ring nails, then countersink them using the nail set.
3. Wearing snug-fitting rubber or disposable latex gloves if you don’t like putty on
your hands, fill the nail holes and the crack with wood putty; let it dry.
1VO^bS`$( 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR &!
4. If a better match is needed, apply a color putty stick or stick shellac, or finish to
match the surrounding floor. Let it dry, then wax or oil as needed.
;]`S0Wb0Wba
This and upcoming chapters call for the electric drill and various bits. I don’t know
about you, but I have trouble sometimes judging whether a bit is “slightly smaller”
than my fastener. I’m at that stage of life where I need reading glasses for all close-up
work. If you also have trouble when comparing bits and fasteners, keep a drill gauge in
your pocket or purse when you buy fasteners and corresponding bits in the hardware
store or home center.
Your fastener should fit through the next size larger hole in the gauge than the correct
hole for your drill bit. (The following illustration is a sample of what a gauge looks
like; real gauges have the fractional sizes of each hole marked.) The fastener should be
larger than the pilot hole, because you want the fastener to grab the wood (or other
material) that surrounds the pilot hole. You want that fastener to fit tightly. With a
drill gauge there’s no more guessing.
Fill crack and nail holes with
putty.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
&"
EO`^SR0]O`Ra
You may notice warping boards in the winter, when your heating system starts to dry
things out, and wood fiber starts to shrink as it loses its natural moisture. If this is a
persistent problem in your house, you may want to put more moisture into the air by
using humidifiers in winter months.
This is a fix for a badly warped board; it doesn’t yet look like Mount Everest, but cre-
ates a slight rise that looks weird and presents a possible tripping hazard.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Electric drill
Q
Combination bit sized for your screws
Q
Standard screwdriver
Q
Slotted wood screws (1
1
/
4
"; you’ll be driving them straight)
Q
Wood putty
Q
Finish to match the floor
Fractional drill gauge.
1VO^bS`$( 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR &#
1. Wearing safety goggles, drill pilot holes every few inches at the high point of the
warp along the length of the warped board.
2. Insert and then tighten the screws in each hole. Take care not to tighten so hard
that you deform the screw head. Be firm but gentle.
Drive screws into the warp.
3. Wearing snug-fitting rubber or disposable latex gloves if you don’t like putty on
your hands, cover the holes with wood putty and then apply finish to match the
surrounding floor.
:]]aS0]O`Ra
Loose boards are a fairly easy fix. If you can get to them from underneath, the solution
is invisible, but this is only possible if you’ve got an unfinished ceiling below the floor,
as in a basement or garage.
If you are so blessed, you’ll need the following:
Q
Stepladder
Q
Electric drill
Q
Corresponding bit for your screws (no need to countersink these, aesthetics are
not an issue)
Q
Screwdriver (standard or Phillips, depending on the screw heads)
Q
Measuring tape (for marking the drill bit, and locating the loose boards)
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
&$
Q
Wood screws (1
1
/
4
" for standard
3
/
4
" floor and subfloor; the screws should be
1
/
4
" shorter than the thickness of the two layers)
Q
Masking or painter’s tape
1. The worst part of the job is locating precisely where on the ceiling the loose
floorboard above is located. You can have a friend jump on the loose board,
watch the movement in the subfloor and locate it that way, or you can do a mea-
suring job to find it. (If walls above and below match up, it’s easier.)
2. Once you’ve located the spot, put on safety goggles to protect your eyes, and
drill several pilot holes straight up from below, then insert and tighten your
wood screws. It will help if your friend stands on the loose board, putting some
downward pressure on the board as you tighten each screw. Your friend can also
make sure that the screw does not break through the surface of the hardwood
floor.
Fix loose board from below.
After all the effort it took to find the right board, the good news is, you don’t have to
cover the screws on the unfinished ceiling with wood putty. Phew!
When you’re drilling holes from below the floor, you don’t want screw points com-
ing up through the floorboards. You can buy drill bits with stops that you can adjust
to the desired drilling depth, or wrap a piece of painter’s or masking tape at the
correct point on the bit so you don’t drill past it. Use either strategy whenever you
want your drill holes to be a specific length.
What Pros Know
1VO^bS`$( 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR &%
To fix the loose board from above, you’ll need the following:
Q
Electric drill
Q
Combination bit sized for nail diameter and countersink
Q
Claw hammer
Q
Nail set
Q
Annular ring nails
Q
Wood putty
Q
Finish to match the floor
1. Wearing safety goggles, drill pilot holes as shown in the following illustration,
angled in from the board edge, through the board and into the subfloor.
Nail loose boards from above.
2. Drive in nails with a hammer and countersink them with a nail set.
3. Wearing snug-fitting rubber or disposable latex gloves if you don’t like putty on
your hands, fill the nail holes with wood putty, and apply finish to match the sur-
rounding floor.
Ab]^^W\UA_cSOYa
Squeaks are caused by pieces of flooring rubbing together. When my children were
teenagers, I never bothered to fix the squeaks in the floor. In fact, I liked them. The
more they squeaked, the easier it was to detect the patter of adolescent feet, sneaking
in past curfew.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
&&
Here are two ways to try to silence a squeaky floor. For the first strategy, you’ll need
the following:
Q
A block of wood (a foot-long piece of 2×4 framing lumber is good; your local
lumber yard may have some scrap if you don’t)
Q
A piece of felt, scrap carpet, or other thick fabric to cover the block
Q
Claw hammer
Q
A few common or box nails
1. Cover the faces (not the ends) of the block of wood with your heavy fabric or
carpet and nail the material snugly in place on one long end of the block, leaving
you three cushioned sides to work with.
2. Starting in the center of the room and moving around and outward in a path
toward the edges of the room, position the long, unnailed face of the fabric-
covered block flat on the floor, and perpendicular to the floorboards, and tap it
sharply with the hammer. Doing this may help ease the floorboards, which may
have dried and shifted, back into place, so they don’t rub together so noticeably.
For the second strategy you’ll need the following:
Q
Glazier’s points (the little metal pieces used to position glass in a window frame)
Q
Graphite
Q
Claw hammer
Q
Putty knife (2")
Coat the glazier’s points in graphite, and then hammer them between offending floor-
boards. To do this, tap the hammer on the edge of the blade of the putty knife, using
the opposite edge of the putty knife to push the points between the boards. Make
sure the points don’t protrude from the spaces so that they stick out above the boards
(ouch!). The graphite-coated points act as space holders to keep the boards away from
each other.
5SbbW\UObA_cSOYaT`][2]e\C\RS`
If the offending floor is in a room above an unfinished basement or garage, you can
try to stop squeaks with yet a third strategy.
1VO^bS`$( 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR &'
You’ll need the following:
Q
Stepladder
Q
Claw hammer
Q
Wood shims
Again, you’ll need a friend to walk around
upstairs to locate the squeaky parts of the
floor. Wherever the floor is squeaking, tap a
shim into the space between the joist and the
subfloor. Be sure to wear safety goggles to
protect your eyes from falling debris.
Silence a squeak from down
under.
A joist is the framing that sup-
ports a floor or ceiling.
@SaWZWS\b4Z]]`4WfSa
Vinyl flooring in sheets and tiles is everywhere; it holds up to a lot of hard wear, which
is probably why it’s known as resilient. Cork and asphalt tile are also known as resilient
flooring, but vinyl dominates.
The routine for maintaining a resilient floor is fairly simple: regular sweeping, vacu-
uming, damp-mopping, and occasional waxing to renew the surface when its factory-
applied wear layer starts to wear thin. But sometimes, bad stuff happens to perfectly
good floors.
At our house we had a bad habit of bringing home the pizza and putting it in the oven
on a low setting to warm it up, still in its box. One day, my son was home alone and
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
'
tried to warm up the pizza I’d left on the counter. It was still in the box; I don’t know
the oven temperature he set.
The box caught fire, my son threw it on the vinyl floor and doused it with water and
baking soda. No one was hurt, and the only damage was a nice, 2" square burn mark
in the middle of the kitchen floor. You can be sure that no one in my house ever put a
pizza box in the oven again! My heart still beats fast when I think of the dumb exam-
ple I set for my children.
We were years away from renovating the kitchen, but fortunately I had some leftover
tile. Here’s how I made the repair.
@S^ZOQW\UODW\gZBWZS
You must have a replacement tile for this one. Bring your replacement tile to the floor
or hardware store and get the right adhesive and solvent.
You’ll also need the following:
Q
Kitchen towel
Q
Steam iron
Q
Putty knife
Q
Notched trowel
Q
Adhesive for the tile
Q
Appropriate solvent to clean excess adhesive
Q
Clean rag to apply the solvent
A notched trowel is used to
apply adhesive for all kinds
of tile and other flooring
materials. Its notches leave a
swirled pattern.
1VO^bS`$( 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR '
1. To soften the tile, place a towel over the damaged piece and iron it on a medium
setting until the tile (and underlying adhesive) is very warm and begins to soften.
2. Remove the damaged tile by prying it up at one corner with the putty knife;
gradually and carefully pull it up and off. (If you need to soften it more, lay it
back down and apply more heat with the iron over the towel.)
Remove the damaged tile.
3. Let the adhesive cool and harden, then scrape up the dry adhesive with the putty
knife until the subfloor is smooth, clean, and flat.
4. Using the notched trowel, apply the adhesive to the clean, dry, flat subfloor. If
any adhesive settles on the adjacent tiles, clean them up with the solvent, accord-
ing to the directions.
Apply adhesive for tile
replacement.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
'
5. Position the replacement tile above the adhesive-covered opening; make sure
you’ve got the pattern, if there is one, going in the right direction.
6. Set two adjacent edges of the new tile against two adjacent tiles surrounding the
repair; again, make sure the pattern matches. Press the tile into place.
If any adhesive comes up between the new tile and the adjacent ones, clean it with the
solvent according to directions. Set the new tile level with the surrounding pieces; if
it’s too low, pull it up and add more adhesive.
If it’s too high, press it down hard, and clean up any excess adhesive that squishes up
at the edges with the solvent. Don’t walk on the floor until the repair dries completely
(check drying time on the adhesive container).
>ObQVW\UAVSSb4Z]]`W\U
If you look at the illustrations for patching a hole in wallpaper in Chapter 5, this
repair is done in a similar way, just with a different material. Again, you’ll need a left-
over piece of flooring, enough to cover the damage and match the pattern.
You’ll also need the following:
Q
Utility knife
Q
Straightedge
Q
Painter’s or masking tape
Many floor patterns have imprinted seams in the shapes of blocks, bricks, or other
geometric forms. Try to make your patch so the edges fall within the pattern’s seams;
it will be less noticeable.
1. Cut a piece of the leftover flooring with a utility knife and a straightedge. Work
on a protected surface so that the utility knife doesn’t damage bare wood (or the
good portion of your floor!).
2. Position the replacement piece over the damaged area and match up the pattern.
Secure this piece to the surrounding floor with painter’s or masking tape. Cut
a patch large enough to cover the damaged area by using the straightedge and
utility knife to cut through both the replacement flooring and the old flooring,
around the damaged area. Set aside the replacement patch you’ve just cut. Now
you’re ready to remove the damaged piece of flooring.
1VO^bS`$( 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR '!
Removal and replacement are exactly the same as the fix for replacing a tile. Use the
same tools and materials, and follow Steps 1–6 for “Replacing a Vinyl Tile,” described
earlier. You’ll be substituting your patch for the replacement tile, but the procedure is
the same.
1S`O[WQBWZS4Z]]`@S^OW`a
If you drop a pot or a tool and break a tile, or if the grout is chipping away, you can
handle replacement and grout repair by following the instructions for wall tile repairs
in Chapter 5. It will actually be a bit easier working on the floor instead of the wall!
To keep your floor grout in shape, you should treat it every year or two with sealant.
This will make it easier to clean; it also keeps out the water you use when mopping—
repeated soaking will degrade unsealed grout.
1O`^Sb1O^S`a
Wall-to-wall carpeting feels great under your feet on a cold morning. And manufac-
turers have worked hard to perfect carpet technology so that this stuff is more stain
resistant than ever. When you have new carpet installed, be sure to ask the dealer or
installer to provide manufacturer’s specifications for cleaning the type of fiber your
carpet is made of (file it in your home workbook!); knowing this info will help you
when someone drops something nasty on it down the road.
BOYW\UC^OEOZZb]EOZZ1O`^Sb
Sometimes you just have to get beneath your
carpeting—a squeaky floor, perhaps, or a run
of pipe that’s in a crawl space the plumber
can’t get to from below.
Wall-to-wall carpet is usually attached
around the perimeter of your room by
means of narrow furring strips that are nailed
to the subfloor along the walls. These fur-
ring strips are treacherous! The carpet sticks
to them by means of dozens of protruding
carpet tacks. So lifting the carpet for any
reason can hurt you if you’re not prepared.
In construction, furring strips are
thin, narrow pieces of wood
used to provide backing to sup-
port a finished surface. In the
case of carpeting, the strips are
prenailed with carpet tacks,
making a base to hold down the
edges of the carpet. The carpet
padding is cut to fit within the
perimeter of the strips, then the
carpet is laid on top. It’s all very
neat.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
'"
You’ll need the following:
Q
Pry bar
Q
Wood shims
Q
Rubber mallet
You’ll also need to move any furniture that obstructs the area you’re trying to get
at. Ease the heavy lifting by asking a friend or family member to help you with the
moving. Four hands are also better than two when you’re trying to move carpet. Its
backing material—the stiff burlapy stuff that holds the fiber—is tough and sometimes
heavy.
The process is simple.
1. Wearing a pair of heavy, good-fitting safety gloves, start in a corner of the room
that’s nearest to the spot on the floor you want to reach, and use the pry bar to
loosen the edge of the carpet from the tacks, then pull the carpet up at its edge.
If you’ve got base molding around the perimeter of the room, you can place a
shim behind the heel of the pry bar to protect the molding from getting blem-
ished or nicked as you pry up the carpet. Peel back as much carpet as you must
to get to the problem; you’ll probably have to weight the carpet ends with a pile
of books or piece of furniture to keep them from snapping back at you.
2. Once you’ve got the carpet pulled back, you’ll also have to deal with the pad
-
ding, usually nice, light, springy foam stuff that’s not too hard to handle. Fold
this back too, and do your repair.
Be aware of the tacky furring strips. You don’t want to put a bare hand down on
them; the tacks can also snag your clothes.
3. When you finish your repair, first replace the padding; make sure it’s nice and
flat before you pull the carpet down.
4. Press the carpet in place along the furring strips, using a rubber mallet to ham
-
mer the carpet (gently) back in place on the tacks.
2SOZW\UeWbVA^]baO\RA^WZZa
Many years ago, I was invited to a cocktail party at the home of a very famous writer
and his equally illustrious wife. They lived in a beautiful brownstone townhouse
in Manhattan. It had just been decorated: white rug, white upholstery—it was a
1VO^bS`$( 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR '#
blizzard in there! I made the mistake of taking a glass of red wine, and of course
someone bumped me from behind. The full glass of red wine began to seep ominously
into the pristine carpet. I was horrified, and sure that replacing the rug would take all
of my salary for a year or two.
Fortunately, the hostess was as smart as she was famous, and also most gracious to a
young, clumsy woman (me). She quickly retrieved a towel and a bottle of club soda
from the kitchen and blotted up the red wine. The blotting, the towel, and the club
soda did the job perfectly. Her rug was saved, as was my equilibrium.
In addition to keeping plenty of clean towels and club soda on hand for clumsy guests
at cocktail parties, here are the ABCs of spot and spill cleaning:
U
Act quickly. The sooner you can take action to remove a substance from the
carpet, the more likely you’ll be to prevent a permanent stain.
U
Blot, don’t rub. Rubbing at the spill only sticks the mess more securely to the
carpet fibers.
U
Continue. You may have to repeat the process more than once. Persistence usu-
ally pays off.
You should keep a bottle of carpet spot remover with your cleaning supplies just in
case of spills. Read the label, as not all removers work for every type of spot.
There are hundreds of substances that can
leave their mark; refer to Appendix B for
some good websites with further informa-
tion on treating different kinds of stains.
Here are a couple of general guidelines:
U
When you start trying to remove a
spot, whether liquid, gooey, or solid,
work from the outside toward the cen-
ter of the spill, so you don’t spread the
mess around.
U
Pudding, peanut butter, melted choco-
late, and other gooey, semi-solid spills
can be gently scraped up and lifted with
a spoon or table knife. Remove as much of the stuff as you can with this tech-
nique, then use your spot remover and blot with paper towels. Don’t rub. Repeat
until you’ve done your best. When you’re finished, rinse the area with water and
When you buy a bottle of
spot remover, don’t wait for
the first spill to see if it’s compat-
ible with your rugs. Apply some
(follow the package directions)
to an inconspicuous corner of
the carpet, and blot it up with
a paper towel. If you see the
carpet color on the paper towel,
the remover and your rug are not
compatible. Try another brand.
Ounce of Prevention
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
'$
blot with paper towels. You can leave some dry towels on the spot and weight
them down to soak up the water. When the towels have done their job, let the
area dry some more.
U
With ground-in dry solids, break them up with a fork or table knife and vacuum.
Use the spot remover, followed by the blotting technique, for whatever residue
remains.
EVS\A^]b;OYSaOA^]b
Pet urine can really mess up a carpet. I won’t get into the psychology of why cats and
dogs suddenly lose their manners. That’s a subject for another book, but here’s what
you can do to take care of this business, pronto.
For stains that are still wet, follow these steps. You’ll need the following:
Q
Paper towels
Q
Newspaper
Q
Bucket of cool water
1. Place a thick layer of paper towels on the wet spot; on top of this put a nice thick
layer of newspaper. Weight the area with some heavy books, or stand on top of
the newspaper/towel layers for a couple of minutes, then remove the dampened
paper, and repeat the process.
2. Rinse the area with cool water (warm or hot water will set the stain). Remove
the water by blotting it up with paper towels. Let the area dry and, if an odor
remains, use the product recommended below.
For stains that have already dried, try this:
Go to a pet store and find an odor neutralizing product and follow the instructions.
These special solutions contain enzymes that work on the odor caused by urine. My
friends and I, pet owners all, swear by a liquid neutralizer called Nature’s Miracle, but
there are other enzyme-based cleaners that also do the trick. The key is to follow the
directions and repeat applications if needed. And repeat after me, blot the spots, don’t
rub them.
If Spot or Fluffy returns to the “spot,” it means you haven’t gotten rid of all the odor.
Repeat the process, or go to the more radical solution, described next.
1VO^bS`$( 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR '%
@S^ZOQW\UOAbOW\SR]`2O[OUSRASQbW]\]T1O`^Sb
When all else fails, a badly discolored stain, a burn, or a tear in your wall-to-wall
carpet can be cut out and replaced with a patch. This technique works on cut pile car-
pets; a patch is hard to hide on a looped pile rug. If you’ve got the latter, it’s time to
call in the professionals, or put a nice area rug over the bad spot.
This repair requires a piece of carpet that matches what you’ve got. Hopefully, you’ve
saved your leftovers from the installation. If not, and you’ve carpeted a closet with the
same material, cut a piece from a back corner or from under a piece of furniture. I’ll
never tell!
In addition, you’ll need the following:
Q
Utility knife
Q
Straightedge
Q
Hot glue gun
Q
Carpet tractor
If it were any larger than a
hand tool, a carpet tractor
would look like an instrument
of torture. Rolling it over the
seams between pieces of carpet
hides the seams and blends
the carpet fibers together. It’s
not cheap—about $30—but
it’s a lot cheaper than a new
carpet.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
'&
1. Use the utility knife to cut out a square around the stained area; guide the knife
with your straightedge, and leave a border of 2"–3" around the damaged spot.
Try to cut between the fibers so you only cut the backing, and take care not to
cut the padding underneath.
Crafters know all the won-
derful ways a hot glue gun
can pull things together.
Available in corded or cord-
less (battery powered) models,
these little heater/applicators
use small sticks of glue that
are heated and then squeezed
out of the nose of the gun.
Glue stick
Cut out the damaged area of
carpet. You’ll use the dam-
aged piece as a template for
your patch.
2. Use the damaged cutout as a template to cut the replacement patch from your
leftover piece.
1VO^bS`$( 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR ''
3. Apply glue to the edges of the patch, and set it into place. (Be careful of the
gun’s tip; it’s hot when turned on. And keep the gun in an upright position when
you’re using it; laying it on its side can damage this little tool’s thermostat.) As
you set in the patch, work the glue into the edges of the carpet and the backing.
Check the seams to see that they’re well glued. If there are any gaps, carefully
remove the patch, add glue, and reset.
4. Use the carpet tractor to roll the seams of the patch.
4W`ab/WRT]`4Z]ObW\U:O[W\ObS4Z]]`a
With a finish that’s tougher than hardwood, floating laminate floors are a homeown-
er’s dream. It’s really difficult to hurt them. Manufacturers sell repair kits to hide any
surface flaws that develop.
If a strip gets punctured or badly scratched and needs to be replaced, here’s how to
proceed.
Fortunately, damage most often occurs in the hard-wear areas of a floor: at entryways
and along high-traffic hallways. Because floating floors actually “float”—their
tongue-and-groove, snap-together design is resting, but not nailed on an insulating
underlayment—they can be removed without pulling nails or sawing them apart.
If the damaged piece is close to a wall, the replacement is something like taking apart
a jigsaw puzzle, then putting it back together. All you need to do is carefully and gen-
tly remove the baseboard molding and, starting with the piece closest to the walls,
disengage the tongues from their interlocking grooves until you reach the piece that
needs to be replaced.
To do this repair, you’ll need a replacement piece to match the damaged one. And to
remove baseboard molding, you’ll need the following:
Q
Pry bar
Q
Wood shims
Q
Hammer
Q
Nail set
1. Start from the corner of the room nearest the damaged board. Move all furnish
-
ings, rugs, and obstructions from the area to clear your working space.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
2. The baseboard molding is generally nailed at its seams and where the mold-
ing passes over an underlying framing stud. First, wearing work gloves, pry the
molding at these nailing points, then pry the molding carefully from the wall
with your pry bar, putting a shim under the heel of the pry bar to protect the
wall.
3. Starting closest to the wall and the corner, remove the floorboards one by one
until you get to the damaged piece. Remove the damaged piece, and click in the
new one. If it is an end piece and has been cut, you’ll need to saw the new board
to the same size. Measure carefully, and be sure you cut the right small end of
the board—one end has a tongue, the other a
groove; check before you cut!
4. Click the rest of the floor back together and
replace the molding. Use a shim between the
hammer and the molding when you nail it
back in.
If you’ve bent any nails, drive them through the
backside of the molding, using the hammer and a nail
set that matches the nail head. Drive in a new nail
to replace the one you’ve removed. Countersink the
nail; you can repair the nail holes with wood putty.
When the putty dries, paint or use a wood-tone putty
stick to match the baseboard.
1SWZW\U@S^OW`a
Most ceilings are composed of drywall; in older homes, they may be plaster. You
can use the same techniques used to repair wall flaws that are described in Chapter
5, with one difference: you’ll be working on a ladder. This means that you need to
always wear goggles and some head protection (a cap or bandanna) to shield yourself
from any debris that falls when you’re working. Follow the rules for ladder safety
in Chapter 2. Be sure your stepladder is tall enough for you to work comfortably;
remember, the rule of thumb is that a ladder gives you its height, plus 4 feet, as its
total comfortable upward reach.
Some ceilings are in terrible trouble. Plaster is chipping, and perhaps the cracks or
holes you already repaired are not holding their own. There may be underlying struc-
tural damage, or a leak somewhere above the ceiling. Water stains are a clue that the
damage extends beyond wear and tear; moisture is coming from a leaky roof or pipe.
If a board has been ruined,
and it’s in the middle of the
floor, the repair is a time-
consuming process. The board
needs to be cut out, removed,
and a new one fitted and glued,
so the floor no longer “floats” in
100 percent of its area. This is a
painstaking and tedious process.
I suggest picking up the phone
and calling your installer for this
fix.
What Pros Know
1VO^bS`$( 4Z]]`aO\R1SWZW\Ua(0S\SObVG]c`4SSbO\R<]b@SOZZg=dS`G]c`6SOR
Badly damaged ceilings take a lot of work and time, and you should call a pro if your
ceiling’s “time” has come.
BVS:SOabG]c<SSRb]9\]e
U
Hardwood floors sometimes stain, spot, squeak, and warp, but you can fix a good
portion of what ails them.
U
Pilot holes are the best way to get a nail or screw into hard materials. If you’re in
doubt about which drill bit matches the fastener you’re using, bring the fastener
to the store and ask the hardware guy—or gal—to help you pick it out.
U
You can soften up a vinyl tile with a steam iron and a towel to make it easier to
remove.
U
Removing stains from carpets requires quick action and no rubbing! Also, if at
first you don’t succeed, repeat the removal process. When all else fails, you can
repair a small damaged area with a replacement patch.
U
Repair of drywall and plaster ceilings is quite similar to fixing flaws in walls. Just
use your ladder safely!
7
1VO^bS`
AbOW`a(/4SeAbS^ab]
O6O^^g:O\RW\U
7\BVWa1VO^bS`
U
The anatomy of a staircase
U
Silencing annoying, squeaky stairs
U
Fixing a loose tread
U
Securing handrails and balusters
U
Making your stairways safe for elders and children
Fixing a staircase is usually a matter of tightening up its parts. Most stairs
are constructed of wood, and wood is a responsive material: it expands
when the surrounding humidity increases and shrinks when its environment
is dry. Even though we can’t see it happening, these tiny movements in the
wood, coupled with human contact—you, your family, and your pets, walk-
ing, stomping, and bounding up and down, every day—loosen the parts of a
staircase. Eventually, the stairs begin to talk, as only stairs can: they squeak.
If the joints of your staircase are not as snug as they once were, you can
help them settle down.
Stairs can also be a hazard for the elderly and for small children. I’ll talk
about a couple of fixes to improve safety, too.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
"
>O`ba]TOAbOW`QOaS
It has more parts, but for our purposes, this is what you should know about staircases.
Let’s start with what we step on: the horizontal part of a step is called the tread; the
vertical part is the riser. The banister—what we hold onto going up and down—has
three main parts: the handrail that we grasp, the vertical posts spaced evenly along its
length, which support the handrail, called balusters, and a larger, supporting vertical
piece at the bottom of the handrail, called a newel post.
Anatomy of a staircase.
Newel post
Tread
Riser
Handrail
Baluster
AWZS\QW\UA_cSOYa
Squeaky stairs signal loose joints, and they’re fairly easy to fix. We’ll start with the
simplest procedure, and go from there.
/:cPS8]P
This doesn’t make it easier, but if you must, remove carpet and padding from the steps
to get to the stair. (Find out how in Chapter 6.) Follow the directions and watch out
for furring strips, which may be located not only at the top and bottom of the stair
run, but also at an interval or intervals where seams of the carpet start and end.
1VO^bS`%( AbOW`a(/4SeAbS^ab]O6O^^g:O\RW\U #
To mark the offending steps, you’ll need your roll of painter’s or masking tape.
Ask the heaviest member of your family (no offense intended) to walk up and down
the stairs so you can locate the protesting tread or treads. Mark them with a piece of
tape.
You’ll also need some powdered graphite, which comes in a little squeeze bottle. You
can squeeze the graphite out of the container and into the offending, noisy joints. In
the case where the joint is between the top
of the riser and the tread, you might want
to hold a piece of cardboard underneath the
graphite bottle to catch the falling powder,
then blow it off the cardboard into the joint.
This will lubricate the joints, and may be all
you need. If not, try the next procedure.
@S^OW`W\UA_cSOYaT`][0SZ]ebVSAbOW`a
Like the wood floor fixes in Chapter 6, taming squeaks is much easier if you can get to
them from under the stairs.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Hammer
Q
Wood shims
Q
Carpenter’s glue (yellow)
Q
A small block of wood for driving the
shims
1. Put on safety goggles to protect your
eyes from falling debris. Since you’ve
already marked the offending stair(s),
have your friend stomp on the squeaky
treads, so you can see what moves.
2. Coat the wood shims with glue, and
tap them, thin end forward, into the
joint between the offending tread and
its riser. Drive the shims in by placing
the wood block between the butt end
of the shim and the hammer head.
In carpentry, a joint is the inter-
section of two pieces of wood.
There are many different kinds of
wood joints.
Basements can be dark, and
sometimes it’s hard to position
a flashlight and work simul-
taneously. If your work area is
poorly illuminated, buy yourself
a work light. It’s essentially a
light bulb in a socket, surrounded
by a little plastic cage, with a
long cord, that you can hook or
hang where you’re working. Just
always be aware of the cord so
you don’t trip yourself.
What Pros Know
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
$
4WfW\UbVSA_cSOY]`:]]aSB`SORT`][/P]dS
You can tighten the joint between tread and riser by drilling straight down through
the tread into the riser, and inserting and tightening the screw.
Be sure to mark the location for your drill bit carefully, and keep your drill bit
straight—that is, perpendicular to the surface you are drilling. You don’t want the
screw to go through the tread and miss the riser!
You’ll need the following:
Q
Measuring tape
Q
Pencil or awl
Q
Electric drill
Q
Combination bit sized for the screw you’re using
Q
Screwdriver
Q
Flathead wood screws (2
1
/
2
")
Q
Wood putty
Q
Sandpaper (220-grit)
Q
Finish or paint to match stair surface (not important if the stairs are covered)
Silence a squeaky stair with
wood shims.
1VO^bS`%( AbOW`a(/4SeAbS^ab]O6O^^g:O\RW\U %
1. Measure carefully if your stair tread is not flush with the riser; most treads
extend at least 1
1
/
2
" from their supporting risers. The edge of a standard riser
where it meets the tread is
3
/
4
" thick, and ideally you want to drill into the center
of the riser. Mark the spot with a pencil or awl.
2. Wearing safety goggles, drill two or three pilot holes; insert and tighten
screws
below the tread surface.
Insert screws from above.
3. Fill the holes with wood putty; wear gloves to protect your hands if you don’t
like to handle the putty. Let the putty dry, sand, and finish as desired.
Another way to fill the gap left by a countersunk fastener is to buy a package of small,
round wooden plugs, the same size as the screw head. These are called dowel plugs,
because these small wood wafers are cut from a wooden dowel. Coat one side of the
plug with glue and insert the glued side in the hole; then finish as desired. Some peo-
ple like to use these plugs; others prefer the putty fix.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
&
5SbbW\UO5`W^]\6O\R`OWZa
With use, time, and fluctuations in humidity, the vertical balusters sometimes loosen
in the mortises where they join the handrail, causing a shaky situation that’s not good
when you’re negotiating stairs—the handrail should support you, not the reverse.
Here are two ways to tighten the relationship
between handrail and baluster.
For the “shimy” solution, you’ll need the following:
Q
Wood shim
Q
Carpenter’s glue (yellow)
Q
Small wood block (to drive the shim)
Q
Hammer
Q
Utility knife
1. Coat the wood shim with glue.
2. Using the small block as a driver, hammer the shim into the joint between the
baluster and the handrail. Don’t try to drive the two pieces apart, just drive the
shim until it closes the gap between handrail and baluster.
3. Using the utility knife, trim the shim flush with the banister. Shims are pretty
easy to cut; they’re softwood.
For the “screwy” solution, you’ll need the following:
Q
Electric drill
Q
Combination bit sized for the screw you’re using
Q
Screwdriver to match screw head
Q
Flathead wood screws
Q
Wood putty
Q
Sandpaper (220-grit)
Q
Finish to cover repair (wood finish or paint)
A mortise is a hole or slot cut
into wood or other material so
that a projecting piece (called a
tenon) can be precisely inserted.
In woodworking, a mortise and
tenon joint creates a good bond
between two pieces of wood.
1VO^bS`%( AbOW`a(/4SeAbS^ab]O6O^^g:O\RW\U '
1. Wearing safety goggles, using the combination bit, drill a pilot hole up through
the baluster into the handrail at a 45˚ angle.
Angle a screw through the
baluster and handrail.
2. Drive in, countersink, and tighten the screw.
3. Fill the hole with wood putty; let it dry. Sand the repair and finish as
desired.
=TT0OaS0OZcabS`a
Sometimes the baluster gets loose in its bottom mortise—its joint with the stair tread.
You’ll need another pilot hole and countersunk screw for this one.
You’ll also need the following:
Q
Electric drill
Q
Combination bit sized for the screw you’re using
Q
Screwdriver to match screw head
Q
Flathead wood screws
Q
Wood putty
Q
Sandpaper (220-grit)
Q
Finish to cover repair (wood finish or paint)
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
1. Wearing safety goggles, drill the pilot hole at an angle through the baluster and
into the tread.
Tighten a baluster with a
screw support.
2. Drive in, countersink, and tighten the screw in the predrilled hole.
3. Fill the hole with wood putty; let it dry, then sand and finish
.
AOTSAbOW`a
For elders and children, a staircase can be a hazard. A secure handrail and stair treads
tight to the risers are great first steps, but the young and the frail may need extra help.
Equip the electrical receptacles (outlets) in your stair halls with night lights. They
use a miniscule amount of energy but make the way safe for anyone who’s mov-
ing around when the house is dark. Keep a supply of the little bulbs with your other light
bulbs, so you always have a spare when this little “night watchman” suffers a burnout.
Ounce of Prevention
3ZRS`AOTSbg
Falls are the leading cause of life-threatening, debilitating injury for the elderly, and
falls on stairs are a common culprit. If you have an older person living with you, you
want to make sure that they can see the steps.
1VO^bS`%( AbOW`a(/4SeAbS^ab]O6O^^g:O\RW\U
You’ll need the following:
Q
Scissors
Q
A roll of reflective tape (it glows in the dark, a plus at night and during power
outages and other emergencies)
1. Make sure the stairs are clean and dry so the tape will adhere.
2. Cut each strip of tape so that it will extend the entire length of the tread.
3. Secure the reflective tape to the top, front edge of the tread. Make sure it is lying
flat. Place the tape on the top front edge of the stair landing, and every stair in
the staircase.
If there are any step-ups or places where the floor is uneven—sills in doorways, for
example, where an elderly person might trip—mark these step-ups and sills with
reflective tape as well. Even a half-inch rise in the floor surface could create a problem
for someone with poor mobility or vision.
9WR^`]]TW\UbVSAbOW`a
Child safety gates have been around for years. They’re an inexpensive way to keep
active and curious youngsters from an accident on the stairs, or any other place where
they might find themselves in harm’s way.
When my son was just 10 months old, he was quite the little bruiser, built solid and
full of energy. We had put safety gates on our stairs, but at that time, what was avail-
able was a fairly simple design that clamped to the sides of the stairway by means of
pressure. There were no fasteners on the thing that I could screw into the wall.
One day, my boy was cruising around on the upper floor in his little walker, careening
against the walls (why I learned to repair drywall). He worked up such a head of steam
that, in a split second, he crashed against the pressure-installed gate and was on his
way down the steps when I grabbed him, and the walker, preventing a disaster. Within
an hour I was at the hardware store, looking for the right straps and screws to secure
the gate to the walls. We rigged our own safety setup. And the walker went, as my son
would say when he couldn’t locate something, “bye-bye someplace.”
Pressure mounted gates are still around, but the Consumer Product Safety
Commission does not recommend their installation at the top of stairs, because chil-
dren (like someone I know) can push them over and fall down the stairs. Select gates
with hardware mounts, screw them into the wall securely, and periodically check the
screws to see that they are still tightly fastened.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
BVS:SOabG]c<SSRb]9\]e
U
A staircase is made up of the tread, riser, handrail, balusters, and newel post.
U
You can make invisible repairs to the stairs if you can get at them from
underneath.
U
Wood shims and countersunk screws tame squeaks and tighten wobbly parts.
U
Add safety insurance to your stairs: night lights in the hall, reflective tape on the
treads for your elders, and hardware-mounted safety gates for your tots.
8
1VO^bS`
5SbbW\U1ZSO`/P]cb
EW\R]ea
7\BVWa1VO^bS`
U
Parts of a window
U
How double-hung windows work
U
Smoothing the passage of sticky windows, and tightening up loose
ones
U
Dealing with the pain of broken panes
U
Common screen repairs
Your home’s windows are its (and your) eyes on the bigger world. In addi-
tion to lighting your interiors, keeping fresh air flowing in good weather,
and shutting out the elements when it’s foul outside, windows that work
and look good make a statement about you. So subdue that stubborn sash,
banish those broken windows and torn screens, and give your home a clean,
bright face.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
"
EVObO>O\S>O`ba]TOEW\R]e
There are many kinds of windows, but nothing’s better for your fenestration vocabulary
than learning the names of the parts of the most common window style—the double-
hung. Now you can talk the talk!
Let’s start from the top. The header is the top hori-
zontal piece of the frame. The jamb refers to the ver-
tical side pieces of the frame. The sill is the horizontal
part at the bottom of the frame. (Looking at the win-
dow from outside, you’d see the stool where the sill is,
often supported by a small board called an apron.)
Now let’s get to the real business of this window. Double-hungs have two moving
pieces, called the sash. The piece on top is the upper sash, which can be lowered from
its closed position, and on the bottom is the lower sash, which can be raised. The rails
are the horizontal part of the sash frame and the stiles are the vertical parts.
The sash, upper and lower, hold the glass portion of the window. A single piece of
glass is called a pane. A sash can have one or more panes; the dividers between the
panes are called muntins. On both vertical sides of the sash are channels, which guide
the sash up or down in a straight line. The small molding piece that runs up the front,
at the sides of the lower sash is called the inside stop, which keeps the sash running
smoothly in its channel. The sashes lock together by means of a two-piece latch, posi-
tioned atop the upper rail of the lower sash, and the bottom rail of the upper sash.
If your windows look like double-hungs, but the upper sash doesn’t move, these are
called single-hung windows.
Are you getting clear about windows yet? Don’t worry; review the illustration if you
forget some of the names referred to in the repairs.
Fenestration is the term architects
use for the design and placement
of windows in a building.
1VO^bS`&( 5SbbW\U1ZSO`/P]cbEW\R]ea #
6]e2]cPZS6c\UEW\R]eaE]`Y
Modern double-hung windows are truly things of beauty. Double glazed, weather-
stripped, and vinyl-clad at the factory, they need very little maintenance. In the spring
and fall, you just clean the channels, and spray and wipe the moving parts with a little
lubricant.
When it’s time to wash the glass parts, the real benefits of modern double-hung win-
dows are even more apparent. The sash of most good-quality double hung windows
can be removed from their channels and washed. No more ladders, no more freezing
fingers as you try to clean them from the outside. Technology can be a blessing.
However, this part of the chapter is not for owners of fabulous, new, easy-care win-
dows. It’s for the rest of us who have sticky, drafty, balky, and unrepentant old wood
windows that need more than their fair share of attention. So let’s get busy!
Parts of a double-hung window, as it looks when viewed from inside.
Window pin
locations
Header
Jamb
Sill
Upper sash
Lower sash
Muntin
Latch
Channels
Stop
Pane
Casing
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
$
AbcPP]`\AbcQYAOaV
This section proceeds from a no-load solution to some nitty-gritty ideas.
EOWbO\RASS
This is not often the case (it’s too easy), but sometimes the only problems with your
windows is that it’s been hot and humid for days. If the windows worked well before
the heat wave, you may want to leave them alone temporarily.
Once a dry spell arrives, your windows may go up and down as before.
Don’t take drastic action to sand or plane windows during humid seasons. While they
may be sticky in the spring and summer, the cooler, drier months could set your newly
sanded windows rattling in the jambs because you removed too much wood. If you are
trying to make balky windows glide to your tune in summer—when you need to open
and close them frequently—try the less invasive fixes.
5S\bZSBO^BO^BO^^W\U
Before you disturb the paint on the windows with any type of prying tool, you can try
this little wake-up call. This technique works best if you can work both sides of the
window; you may need a helper if the windows are on the second floor and require a
ladder to reach their exterior side.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Small wood block
Q
Piece of heavy cloth
Q
Duct tape
Q
Claw hammer
Q
Sponge
Q
Lubricant or silicon spray
1. Make sure the sash is unlatched. Wrap the wood block in a piece of heavy cloth
or felt to protect the finish on the windows. Keep the cloth in place on the block
with some duct tape, if you like.
1VO^bS`&( 5SbbW\U1ZSO`/P]cbEW\R]ea %
2. Place the block against the frame along the bottom rail of the lower sash and
gently tap it with the hammer along the width of the sash. If your windows are
on the first floor, go outside and do this to the same rail on its exterior side.
Gradually work along the stiles of the sash, inside and out, working upward until
you reach the top of the window.
3. If this frees the sash, move it up and down, and examine the channels. Clean out
any debris and dirt with a damp sponge. Let dry, and spray some lubricant or
silicon spray in the channels.
If your windows are stuck because they’ve been painted shut, use a utility knife
to carefully score the paint that has bonded any window parts together: between
stop and sash, between upper and lower sash, between sill and sash. You’ll only
do more damage to the paint if you skip this step before trying to move or pry the
windows.
What Pros Know
2]\ÂbEO\bb]>`g0cb¶
If gentle tapping doesn’t work, you’ll need a stronger approach. You’ll need the fol-
lowing:
Q
Putty knife
Q
Rubber mallet
Q
Pry bar
Q
Shim or thin block of wood
To pry the window from inside:
1. Make sure the sash is unlatched. Insert the blade of a putty knife into the crack
between the stile of the lower sash and the stop, tapping it lightly with the rub-
ber mallet to free the window. Do this along both stiles.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
&
2. If this frees the sash, move it up and down. Work the putty knife into any spots
that are still resistant.
Once the window is moving freely, examine the channels. Clean out any debris and
dirt with a damp sponge. Let dry, and spray some lubricant or silicon spray in the
channels.
To pry the window from outside:
1. Make sure the sash is unlatched. Using a thin wood block or shim to protect the
stool from the pry bar, insert the pry bar into the crack between the stool and
the sash. Work first at one end of the sash, then the other, so that the sash will
move up evenly.
Pry open a tight sash from
the inside.
Stile
Stop
Pry open a tight sash from
the outside.
Stool
Sash
1VO^bS`&( 5SbbW\U1ZSO`/P]cbEW\R]ea '
2. If this moves the window, go back inside and open it. Examine the channels, then
clean and lubricate them.
EW\R]eaBVObE]\ÂbAbOg=^S\
You can prop up a window that won’t stay open with a stick or a ruler, set in the chan-
nel below one side of the sash. Or you can install some hardware, as described next.
But neither of these “make do” fixes really corrects the underlying problem.
A sash that’s loose in the jamb, and won’t stay put when it’s opened, usually means that
its raising/lowering mechanism has failed. In old, single-paned wood windows, this
is often a rope-and-weight pulley system; your window won’t stay open because the
weights have come loose from the rope, or the rope has simply broken from age and
wear. If you look at the top of the jamb, you’ll probably see the little pulley.
Some rope-and-pulley controlled windows have access panels in the jambs that allow
you to get to the weights without removing the window casings. Even when you can
get to them, though, this is a delicate, often frustrating (the weights fall down inside
the walls!), and time-consuming job. Remember, these old, single-paned windows
are probably leaky, and they’re costing you for the extra money you have to spend on
heating and air-conditioning your drafty house. The best fix is to start saving for new,
energy-efficient sashes that can be fitted in the old jambs, or spring for completely
new windows.
In the meantime, you can apply weather stripping at the joints of your windows:
between sash and sill, between the sash and the stops, anywhere air is leaking in (put
your hand at one of the joints on a cold, windy day and you’ll feel the cold air passing
through).
And to keep the windows up when you do want fresh air, you can install little stain-
less steel controls in the channels of the lower sash that provide some resistance to
your weight-less window. They work like the stick or the ruler, but they’re a bit more
sturdy, and only cost a couple of dollars.
Window control.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
To install them, you’ll need the following:
Q
Ruler or dowel (to hold up the window while you work)
Q
One pair of window controls per loose window
Q
Claw hammer
Q
Box nails
Q
Measuring tape
Q
Pencil or awl
1. Raise the lower sash as far as it will go, and secure with the dowel or ruler; you
may want to prop it on both sides for safety.
2. Position the control in the lower sash channel so that the nail holes (which have
little burrs on the backside where they meet the channel) are about an inch
below the highest opening you want for your window. Nail in one control.
Window control in place.
Channel
Lower sash (raised)
Window control
1VO^bS`&( 5SbbW\U1ZSO`/P]cbEW\R]ea
3. Nail in the control on the opposite side of the window. Measure and mark the
location of the nail holes for the second control with the pencil or awl, so both
controls are nailed at the same height in the channel.
4. Remove the supporting dowel or ruler and carefully lower the window so that
the top sections of the controls are between the sash and channel as you lower
the sash (see the previous illustration). The controls are flexible, so they act like
springs to tighten the movement of the sash.
EVS\EW\R]ea0`SOY
Modern windows—the double-glazed, gas-filled, or tempered variety—are pretty
sturdy. But when they break, you’ll need a professional glass installer to fix them.
Current building codes require that door glass (for sidelights and other door panes) be
tempered. If it breaks, it does so harmlessly into about a million little chips per pane.
I know this because my lawn guys got too close to our French doors with a weed-
whacker, and it was doomsday for the bottom right pane. Specialized glass products
have a little seal imprinted in a lower corner of the glass, which is your indicator that
all such panes need professional replacement.
When tempered or other specialty glass
breaks, you’ll have to do a temporary repair
until the glass man arrives. Even when
you’re just picking up glass chips, take pre-
cautions when you clean up the glass.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Newspaper
Q
Painter’s, masking, or duct tape
Q
Putty knife
Q
Measuring tape
Q
Utility knife (to cut cardboard make-do)
Q
Sheet of corrugated (box) cardboard, or sheet of transparent acrylic plastic, cut to
fit opening
A sidelight is a window posi-
tioned next to a door. Usually
doors with sidelights have one
on either side of the door.
Tempered glass has been heated
and cooled repeatedly in a
controlled environment to give it
more strength than conventional,
single-layer window glass.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
To clean up a broken specialty glass window:
1. Sweep up and discard any chips of glass on either side of the window (interior
and exterior). Tape a piece of newspaper on the inside of the opening so more
glass does not fall inside. Wearing heavy gloves and safety goggles, and working
from outside, use the putty knife to carefully knock off any remaining pieces of
glass; put the debris in a supermarket paper bag (it’s thick), and discard.
2. Measure the dimensions of the now-empty opening, and cut a cardboard tem
-
plate that you can put in place with duct tape or masking tape from the inside.
(You can also take your measurements to a hardware store and get a piece of
Plexiglas cut to fit, for a more aesthetic make-do.)
For small window panes that are single-glazed (one
layer of conventional glass, no little imprint in the
lower corner), you can replace them yourself. I don’t
recommend cutting your own glass unless you’ve had
a lot of experience with a glass cutter (it’s best to test
your skill with a small pane first). Do the cardboard
make-do fix, and take your window frame measure-
ments to the hardware store so they can cut your
glass.
You’ll need all the tools and materials mentioned
earlier for removing tempered glass and installing a
temporary make-do (cardboard will do until you get
your replacement glass).
In addition, if you’re doing the replacement, you’ll need the following:
Q
Pliers
Q
Sandpaper (100–150 grit)
Q
Sheet of glass (see Step 6)
Q
Glazing putty (sold in ropes so you don’t have
to roll your own)
Q
Glazier’s points
Q
Touch-up paint (for repaired window frame)
1. Unlike tempered glass, shards of single sheets of glass are very sharp. Work
from outside and, as with tempered glass, tape newspaper on the inside of the
window.
Large panes of glass are
too heavy to handle. If your
panes are larger than a foot-and-
a-half square, leave replacement
to the pros. You must handle
glass carefully, by its edges, or
it will easily crack. Start small if
you want to learn to work with
glass!
Ounce of Prevention
1VO^bS`&( 5SbbW\U1ZSO`/P]cbEW\R]ea !
2. Wearing heavy gloves and safety goggles, remove the large pieces of glass first.
Use the putty knife to knock out remaining small bits of glass.
Remove a broken single-
glazed pane.
3. Remove the old glazier’s points with pliers.
4. Lightly sand the edges of the opening to get rid of any remaining putty.
5. Measure the window opening; measure and install the cardboard make-do.
6. Take your opening measurements (remember, measure twice, cut once) to the
hardware store and get a piece of glass cut. Tell them that your measurements
are the actual size of the opening; they’ll cut the glass
1
/
8
of an inch less than the
total width and length.
Once you have your replacement glass, you can proceed with the next part of the
repair:
1. Remove the cardboard make-do. Working from outside, press a rope of glazing
putty, about
1
/
4
inch thick, around all the edges of the window opening. This is
your setup for installing the glass.
2. Carefully press the pane into place, then insert the glazier’s points into the
frame, pushing them in with the putty knife. Use two points on each side if it’s
a small pane. If the glass is longer than a foot in length or width, insert the gla-
zier’s point’s every four to six inches.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
"
3. Apply another
1
/
4
-inch rope of putty around the edges of the opening. Use the
putty knife to smooth the putty and form a good seal with the window frame.
4. When the putty is dry, you can paint it to match the surrounding wood.
AQ`SS\BSab
The screen and storm windows at our ancient house are heavy and cranky. They’re
in wood frames—no nice little slide-out or pop-out aluminum framed stuff. Our least
favorite weekends in spring and fall are those when we have to change from storms
to screens, and from screens to storms. But before we do any of the really tiresome
leg work and ladder climbing, the stored windows must be cleaned. You clean storms
the way you clean any window: with glass cleaner and clean rags or paper towels. And
the spring changeover is the time to replace any storm window glass. If it’s the single-
glazed variety of storm window, you can follow the previous directions.
This is also a good time to clean the frames, if your storm/screens are of the slide-out
variety. Clean the runners and the channels where they fit, and lubricate them with a
lubricating oil or silicon spray—they’ll go in and out more easily.
To clean dirty screens, simply spray the screens with your garden hose and clean them
with the sponge (or a wire brush) and soapy water. Rinse, let dry, and hang ’em!
Glazier’s
point
Insert glazier’s points into
frame.
1VO^bS`&( 5SbbW\U1ZSO`/P]cbEW\R]ea #
AQ`SS\@S^OW`a
Once the screens are out, you may notice some defects: a loose screen here, a little
hole there. Last spring while cleaning her window screens, my sister noticed that her
big red Persian cat, Gizmo, had been slipping out of the house the previous sum-
mer because one of the screens for the living room windows had come loose from its
frame. She had to replace it, or Gizmo would be doing his warm-weather wandering
once again!
Here’s how to handle common screen defects.
A[OZZ6]ZSa
Holes in the screens let in all kinds of unappealing critters when your windows are
open: mosquitoes, moths, flies, and other little creatures will take advantage.
To some of us, little repairs in a screen door might look a bit tacky, so if it bothers you
to have a patch at your door, you might want to go all the way and replace the whole
screen (see how in the next section; door screens work just like the window screens).
But for window screens that don’t get as much scrutiny as a front or back door, you
can patch; it’s a less time-consuming fix.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Scissors
Q
Screen patch (these come in various sizes, available at most hardware stores;
make sure the color/material is a close match to your screen—some are metal,
some are fiberglass—or it really will show)
Q
Glue for fiberglass screen (ask the store
salesperson for a good, waterproof
variety)
You’ll notice that screens are composed of
lengths of fine, interwoven metal wire or
fiberglass filament.
1. Cut a patch to fit over the hole in the
screen; the patch should extend at least
1"–2" around the circumference of the
hole.
A filament is a slender strand of
fiber or other material. The thin
wire that is the light-producing
element of a bulb when electric
current passes through it and the
element that emits electrons in
a vacuum tube when current is
passed through it are also known
as filaments.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
$
2. You’ll want to remove a wire or filament (or two) from each side of your screen
patch to give you a little bit of extra length to make the fix.
3. Position the patch over the hole on the interior side of the screen. Insert the
wire ends of each side of the patch into the intact screen holes around the tear
or hole you are covering. Bend the wire ends so they grip the intact screen.
You may want to use needlenose pliers or even a nail file to help you bend the
wires—they’re tiny, and tough to work with if you have big hands. If the screen
is the soft, fiberglass filament type, you won’t bend the ends—they’ll lie on top
of the edges of the repair. You can glue the ends to the existing screen with the
waterproof glue.
@S^ZOQW\UAQ`SS\a
If a screen has big holes or tears or has become loose and taken on a “wavy” look,
you’ll want to replace it. Even if the old screen isn’t torn, if it’s bulging in places it
may be weakened by the stretching. You may as well get new material to work with.
Use the old screen for patches (store it in one of your “leftovers” bins).
The most common window and door screens are attached to the screen’s frame with
a flexible, vinyl rope known as spline. The spline fits into a groove where mesh meets
frame. If you look carefully at the corners of the screen, you may also see little plastic
pieces that help fit the spline snugly in each corner.
If the screen is mounted in the window (or door),
you’ll need to detach it from the surrounding frame.
In the case of window screens, you’ll probably just
need to pop or slide them out. A door screen may be
mounted to the frame with screws; if so, unscrew the
screen from the frame, take out the screen, and put
the screws in the screw holes in the window or door
with a couple of turns so they don’t fall out. Loose
screws are always rolling away and getting lost!
You’ll need the following:
Q
Needlenose pliers
Q
Narrow putty knife or flat-tipped (standard)
screwdriver
Spline is a piece of wood,
metal, or plastic that is used as
a connecting or framing piece
between two sections of mate-
rial. Spline can be used to hold
a screen in its surrounding frame;
the material that frames caning
in a chair seat where it meets the
wood or metal part of the seat is
also known as spline.
1VO^bS`&( 5SbbW\U1ZSO`/P]cbEW\R]ea %
Q
Mesh screening
Q
Measuring tape
Q
Scissors
Q
Spline tool
Q
Utility knife
Q
Replacement spline
Q
Plastic corner pieces, if you have these in the corners
A spline tool is a hand tool
with a wheel at each end.
One wheel has a convex ()
rim, for pushing the screen
into the spline channel; the
other wheel has a concave ()
rim, for pushing the spline
down over the mesh and into
the channel.
Convex
wheel
Concave
wheel
While setting in the mesh and inserting the spline, an extra set of hands is helpful for
holding the mesh in place. Or you can hold the mesh down at the corners you’re not
working on with a wood block or two.
You will need to bring samples of your mesh screening, old spline, and plastic corners
(if they’re used for your screens) to the hardware store so that you can buy the exact
match of each material. There are different types of all three.
You will also need to measure the screen so that you buy replacement screening of
sufficient size to cover the screen opening. Also, measure the perimeter of the window
opening(s) so that you buy a sufficient length of spline.
Remember geometry? If you do, skip this tip. If math gave you a rash, read on.
It’s not necessary to measure all four sides of a rectangular opening to find the
distance around it. Perimeter = length + width times 2. Aha, applied mathematics!
Your geometry teacher told you it would be useful, and the time has come!
What Pros Know
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
&
1. Lay the screen flat on a sturdy work surface. Starting in one corner, remove the
little plastic corners (if they’re there) with the needlenose pliers, or pop them out
with the screwdriver tip. Pry out the spline with the putty knife or screwdriver,
going corner to corner. The spline may be dirty or gunky, so the edge of the
knife or tip of the screwdriver can assist you in getting it out cleanly.
Remove old spline.
2. If you’re saving the old screen, roll it up and set it aside. Otherwise discard it.
Check the channels from which the old spline and screen have been removed. If
they’re clean, go to Step 3. If they’re dirty, get a bucket of warm water, a sponge,
and some paper towels, clean them and let them dry.
3. Lay the new mesh screen over the window (door) frame. Make sure the mesh
is lying square to the frame; check at the edges to see that the gridwork of the
mesh lines up with the frame so it doesn’t look crooked.
4. Measure the frame’s outer dimensions, and with the scissors, cut the mesh to this
size. Cut a little square out of each corner of the cut piece, no wider than the
frame. This will keep the mesh from bunching in the corners when you install it.
5. Starting in a corner, push the mesh into the spline channel with the convex ()
wheel of the spline tool. Go all the way up and down one side. You're trying to
create a light indentation, not scrunch down the mesh. The spline will do the
holding.
1VO^bS`&( 5SbbW\U1ZSO`/P]cbEW\R]ea '
6. Starting in the same corner where you began Step 5, using the concave ()
wheel of the tool, push the spline into the channel over the mesh. Put your other
hand on the screen, or have your helper hold it, so that the tension on the screen
is even and it doesn't bunch up. When you've fully inserted the spline on one
side, follow Steps 5 and 6 to install the spline on the other three sides.
7. Once the spline is set around the perimeter, use the screwdriver to push the
spline into all four corners; trim the end of the spline with the scissors. Trim any
mesh that still overlaps the frame with the utility knife. If your original screening
had plastic corners, install the new ones.
You’re done! Put the screen back in the window or door opening.
7\abOZZW\UASQc`Wbg>W\aW\EW\R]ea
In areas of your home that are hidden from view on the ground floor, it’s easy for
someone with bad intentions to break a window, undo the latch, and make mayhem. If
you have a perimeter security system installed, that’s one way to safeguard unwanted
entry. Security gates (not window guards, which protect children from falling out) for
windows will do the job, but will also make you feel like you’re living in a prison. I
had these in one apartment in Manhattan where my bedroom windows opened on a
fire escape. I hated the feeling of being locked in, and moved out within months.
If you don’t have the budget for a security service, you can add a layer of protection
from forced window entry using the simple method of drilling holes through the
Use spline tool (convex wheel)
to insert mesh in channels.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
!
lower sash of your double hung windows and installing window security pins, common
nails, or eye bolts that prevent the window from easily being raised, even if a pane is
broken out.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Measuring tape
Q
Awl or pencil
Q
Electric drill
Q
Window pins, eyebolts, or common nails; one pair for each window
Q
Drill bit slightly larger than pins, bolts, or nail you are using
Q
Masking or painter’s tape, or bit stop to fit your bit
Q
Lubricant or silicon spray
1. Fully close and lock the window you’ll be drill
-
ing; you want the upper rail of the lower (inside)
sash, and the lower rail of the upper (outside)
sash to be parallel. (The double-hung window
shown at the beginning of this chapter shows it
in locked position.)
2. You don’t want to drill through both sashes
completely, because this will enable someone to
foil your security plan from outside! So measure
the depth of the two sashes in locked position, and mark your drill bit to
3
/
4
of
that measure with a piece of masking tape or a bit stop. You will stop drilling
when the bit gets to this mark.
3. Find the center of the top left and top right corners of the lower sash; mark it
with the awl or pencil; the awl is good for this mark, because it “grounds” the
drill as you begin drilling. (Security pin hole locations are marked on the window
illustration earlier in this chapter.)
4. Wearing safety goggles, hold the drill straight, drill into the window at the
marks. Keep your grip firm, because you’re drilling through two wood rails and
possibly some weather stripping between them. Stop drilling when your bit is
inserted to the stop or masking tape mark.
5. When both holes are drilled, lubricate your fasteners before you insert them in
the holes. The fasteners should be a little loose so you can remove them easily.
If you can only find win-
dow pins that operate with
a key, don’t buy them; use bolts
or nails instead. In case of fire or
other emergency, you don’t want
to be looking for a misplaced
key!
Ounce of Prevention
1VO^bS`&( 5SbbW\U1ZSO`/P]cbEW\R]ea !
BVS:SOabG]c<SSRb]9\]e
U
Some sticky window problems are merely the result of sticky weather; don’t
apply invasive measures unless you must.
U
Old wood windows that have lost their weights can still be controlled by install-
ing devices in the channels.
U
To fix screens mounted with splines, an exact duplicate material is needed.
U
Window pins are a simple addition to your home’s security.
9
1VO^bS`
2]]`a(/\=^S\O\RAVcb
1OaS
7\BVWa1VO^bS`
U
Parts of a door
U
Silencing the talkative door, and making the stubborn one respond
U
Getting a grip on doorknobs with a couple of easy repairs
U
Keeping balky sliders on track
U
Installing a peephole in a windowless outer door
Do you have door slammers at your house? I do. They announce them-
selves with a bang, not a whimper, which is okay, except that our back door
gets a workout. Screws loosen, the strike plate wobbles, and pretty soon it’s
time to get out the screwdriver for a couple of minor repairs.
Throughout her teenage years, our daughter would voice her displeasure
with a resounding bang of her bedroom door. The last slam came when she
broke one of the ancient hinges clear through its cast iron body—I believe
the term is metal fatigue, and I’m sure it was very tired. Replacement
hinges set Rachel back several weeks of allowance money, so she’s become
much gentler with doors ever since.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
!"
Even without a resident slammer, doors get a workout over the years, and some at
your house may be showing signs of age or hard wear. This chapter will teach you
all the important parts of doors, and how to make them swing to your rhythm—and
eliminate wobbles, squeaks, drags, or rattles.
Of course, you can avoid many of these little repairs by insisting that all members of
your household close doors with their hand on the knob: no slamming! It’s the best
preventive maintenance I can think of.
/\Ob][g]TO2]]`
You may notice some of the same words that are also used to describe a window. The
jamb is the vertical part of the door frame—the opening in which the door is installed.
The frame’s top piece is called the header; the bottom piece is the sill. On exterior
doors, the sill may have another piece over it that spans the sill; this is known as a
saddle (not shown).
The door itself has horizontal parts, called the rails; and vertical parts, called stiles.
The hinge stile is the vertical piece where hinges are attached; the latch stile is the verti-
cal piece that holds the latch, doorknob, and/or lock, if there is one.
Parts of a door.
Doorknob
Header
Jamb
Top rail
Hinge stile
Hinge
Bottom rail
Latch stile
Lock rail
Sill
1VO^bS`'( 2]]`a(/\=^S\O\RAVcb1OaS !#
Many older doors are composed of rails, stiles, and panels, like the one shown in the
illustration. Other, newer doors may not be solid wood; they may be made of thin lay-
ers of wood or metal applied over a core of rigid foam or other material.
AWZS\QW\UbVSBOZYW\U2]]`
A door that squeaks usually needs attention to its hinges—the metal hardware that
attaches the door to its frame. There are lots of different kinds of hinges, but the prin-
ciple is the same. The two sides of the hinge, called leaves, connect to each other by
means of a pin threaded through interlocking knuckles.
The previous illustration shows the door from the outside; because the hinges are on
the left side of the door, it is known as a left-handed door. Looking at the door from
the outside, doors that are hinged on the right are known as right-handed doors.
Knowing whether a door is right- or left-handed is important if you are buying or
replacing a doorknob that can be locked, also known as a lockset, that works with one
or the other, but not both. Since you want the key to be on the outside of the door and
the push- or turn-button lock on the inside, you need to buy a right- or left-handed lock-
set, depending upon the door in which it will be installed.
What Pros Know
Common door hinge.
Leaf
Pin
Knuckles
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
!$
Squeaks are usually eliminated by applying a little lubricant—a penetrating oil is good,
though some people have told me that vegetable oil is also effective!
You’ll need the following:
Q
Newspaper to put under the hinges (oil can spot the carpet!)
Q
Small-tipped nail set or thin-shanked standard screwdriver
Q
Claw hammer
Q
Can of penetrating oil or similar lubricant, equipped with a straw for applying a
narrow stream
Q
Clean rag or sponge
1. Lay newspaper under the door to protect the carpet. Open the door and look at
the hinge. You’ll want to lubricate the area where the pin meets the knuckles of
the two hinge leaves.
2. If you know which hinge is squeaking, start there. But lubricate all the hinges
and you’ll have silence longer!
3. In most cases, you can loosen the pin by driving the nail set or screwdriver tip
into the hole at the bottom of the hinge joint. Wearing safety goggles, use the
hammer to drive the pin up from between the leaves an inch or so.
4. Spray a little lubricant into the pin hole at the top, where the head of the pin has
been raised. Give the oil a minute to seep down inside, around the pin and the
knuckles. Wipe off any excess or drips of lubricant with your rag. Reset the pin
and try the door.
5. If the door is no longer squeaking, repeat this exercise with the other hinge or
hinges. If it’s still squeaking, drive up the first pin again and repeat Steps 2–4
until you achieve silence.
BWUVbS\W\U:]]aS6W\USa
Time, use, and wear can make two things that belong together—the hinge and its
screws—come apart. Tighten screws as soon as you notice they are loose. The longer
loose screws are left untightened, the greater the likelihood that they’ll widen the
screw holes or wear (strip) the screw threads and need replacement. Because of the law
of gravity—the weight of the door that the hinges support—the top hinge will most
likely exhibit loose screws first.
1VO^bS`'( 2]]`a(/\=^S\O\RAVcb1OaS !%
If you’ve got loose screws, here are a couple of suggestions.
4Wf(5c[C^bVS6]ZSa
This quick fix will work for repairing loose screw holes for hinges of lighter-weight
doors. For heavy doors, skip to Fix #2.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Screwdriver (standard or Phillips, whichever fits)
Q
Book of cardboard matches
Q
Wood glue
Q
Utility knife
1. Open the door wide and wedge something under it so the door’s weight won’t
stress the hinge.
2. Remove the loose screw or screws from the hinge leaf. Dip one or two cardboard
matches in the wood glue and put them in the loose screw hole. Cut away any
bits of matchstick that stick out of the hole with the utility knife. Reinsert the
screws and tighten.
4Wf (:]\US`AQ`Sea
If you already have the right-size fasteners, this is even easier than Fix #1.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Screwdriver
Q
2
1
/
2
" wood screws, same diameter
as the old ones (you may want to
use Phillips head screws rather than
standard head screws; most people think
they’re easier to tighten and loosen)
1. Prop up the open door as in Fix #1.
2. Replace the
loose screws one by one.
When you go to the hard-
ware store and look at door
hinges, you’ll notice that the
hinges are sold with fairly short
screws. By using a longer screw,
you’ll fasten the hinge more
deeply into the door jamb.
What Pros Know
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
!&
AbWQYW\U2]]`a
Sometimes a door binds because the door itself is swollen from humidity; if binding
doors are a problem in this kind of weather, you may want to lightly sand and refin-
ish the latch edge of the door, particularly if the door is peeling paint—bare wood
swells more than finished material. Or you can take the lazy strategy, and wait for
cool weather. Several of the interior doors in my old New York house bind in summer
when it’s very warm and sticky; I just don’t close them. They work perfectly in winter,
when I want to keep them closed, anyway.
And sometimes, there’s a bit of a hardware problem. If the hinges are loose, the door
may bind along the latch jamb (the doorknob side). Tightening the hinge screws may
cure the problem. Or the problem may be located on the opposite side of the door.
Open and close the door slowly, and look at the strike plate; that’s the little square or
rectangular gizmo that has a hole in its center (the strike) which holds the latch or
bolt that’s released when you let go of the doorknob and the door is shut. If the strike
plate is loose (continual slamming can loosen it!), get out your screwdriver and try Fix
#1 or #2 described previously to tighten the screws into the latch jamb.
Strike plate.
Strike
2]]`aBVObE]\ÂbAbOg1Z]aSR
First, test the doorknob; the latch or bolt that fits into the strike plate may be sticking,
and thus not releasing and engaging with the strike. You can probably fix this by lubri-
cating the latch with a little graphite or penetrating oil.
1VO^bS`'( 2]]`a(/\=^S\O\RAVcb1OaS !'
The tale of the mysterious shrinking door is actually not very mysterious. If the
weather is cold and dry, or if the humidity level in your house is very low, a wooden
door will shrink in response. In turn, the latch or bolt may no longer engage with the
strike, and the door won’t close.
This is a job for shims! It’s a good idea to use a fix that can be reversed, in case the
door swells up again.
You’ll need the following:
Q
Screwdriver (to match the strike plate screws)
Q
Cardboard (file folder stock makes good shims for this purpose)
Q
Pencil
Q
Scissors
On an interior door, shimming the strike plate works fine, and you don’t have to mess
with the hinges. Here’s what you do.
1. Unscrew the strike plate and put the screws in a safe place so you don’t lose track
of them.
2. Trace the strike plate on cardboard; make a few copies. Cut out the cardboard
templates.
3. Position one cardboard shim behind the strike plate, and screw the shim and
plate back into its mortise. Then try the door. If the latch holds, you’ve solved
the problem. If not, insert additional shims until the door closes properly.
On an exterior door, shimming out the strike plate can create a problem with door
security. In this case, you can shim out the hinges. If you follow the direction sug-
gested by the following illustration, you’ll be able to shim the hinges without remov-
ing the door.
In addition to the tools and supplies listed for the strike plate shim fix, get a thin
piece of paper so you can trace the outline of the hinge. You will also need something
to support the door—wood blocks, shims, books—while you are tinkering with the
hinges.
1. Open the door and, using pencil and paper, trace the outline of the hinge on the
door jamb, including the screw positioning. Close the door when you’re done
and continue to Steps 2 and 3.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
"
2. Using the tracing as a template, make a couple of cardboard shims for each door
hinge (many modern doors have two hinges; others three, some four).
3. Cut the hinge shim like the illustration, with slots cut to the edge of the template
so you can slide the shim under loosened screws.
Placing a cardboard shim
behind a hinge may fix a door
that won’t stay closed.
Hinge
Hinge
shim
4. Open the door wide, exposing the jamb side of the hinge. Loosen one hinge at a
time, slide in a shim, and tighten; shim all the hinges. Add shims until the door
latches properly.
5SbbW\UO5`W^]\2]]`Y\]Pa
There are four basic types of doorknobs:
1. Dummy doorknobs don’t turn and are often used just for appearance.
2. Passage doorknobs turn, but have no keys or locks; these are often used in chil-
dren’s bedrooms or playrooms where a locking door could be a problem.
3. Privacy doorknobs lock and can be unlocked only from the inside; these are good
for adult bedrooms and bathrooms. If someone should accidentally lock them-
selves in, you can quickly free them (see how later in this chapter).
4. Keyed entry doorknobs mean what they say; to gain entrance, you must unlock
them with a key.
1VO^bS`'( 2]]`a(/\=^S\O\RAVcb1OaS "
BWUVbS\O:]]aS9\]P
Modern doorknobs—the ones you’ll find in a house that’s less than fifty or sixty years
old—are fairly simple to tighten. On these models, the whole works may be jiggling—
from trim to knob. Usually you’ll find two surface-mounted screws on the face of
the inside doorknob trim piece that is mounted flush with the door—it’s traditionally
called a rose. Sometimes the screws are concealed under the trim piece. In this case,
you’ll have to pry off the trim piece to get to the screws. The screws actually pass all
the way through the door to the trim piece on the other side.
Modern doorknob.
Knob
StemTrim (a.k.a. rose)
Screws
You’ll need the following:
Q
Screwdriver (Phillips or standard, to
match the screws)
Q
Utility knife (if you need to score the
paint around the trim piece to remove
it)
Q
Small pry bar or standard screwdriver
to remove trim piece, if the screws are
underneath
Careless painters may
have painted the edge of
the trim piece where it meets the
door. If your door trim is paint-
bound, use a utility knife to care-
fully score the paint around the
rose so you won’t mess up the
surface of the door by hacking
away at it with the screwdriver.
Ounce of Prevention
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
"
Only one step here—tighten the screws. Hold both trim pieces tight to the door with
one hand as you tighten the screws with the other. Tighten the screw closest to the
edge of the door first.
The house I grew up in (circa 1940), and the one I live in now (“renovated” in the
1870s), have old-style doorknobs. You may have them, too. Instead of two screws pass-
ing through the lock cylinder to the other side of the door, there is a square metal
spindle with threads on both ends that passes through the rose. The spindles are cov-
ered on both sides of the door with little metal shanks; the knobs screw (usually) onto
the spindle at each threaded end. All of this is held in place by means of a single set
screw in each of the two shanks. The screw threads through the shank and tightens
against the spindle on one of its four flat surfaces.
Old-style doorknob.
Knob
Rose
Spindle
Spindle shank
Set screw
Wobbles happen when the set screw gets loose, or disappears. You may have to hunt
for a replacement screw (see Appendix B for a dealer in old hardware), but these
antique knobs are often beautiful, made of glass, bronze, chrome (1930s), or nicely
aged and worn wood. They’re worth saving—or selling to someone who likes them!
You’ll need the following:
Q
Standard screwdriver—make sure it’s the right size or you may deform the set
screw head; some late-model (1940s and after) set screws may unscrew with a hex
head (Allen wrench)
Q
Lubricating oil (penetrating oil, such as WD-40)
1VO^bS`'( 2]]`a(/\=^S\O\RAVcb1OaS "!
1. Loosen the set screw in the shank of the loose knob. If the screw is tight, don’t
force it! Lubricate the screw with a drop of lubricating oil, and then try to
unscrew it.
2. Examine the screw. If the base (the opposite end from the head) looks deformed,
it should be replaced. You can finish the repair once you have a new set screw.
3. If the screw is intact, check the set screw that holds the knob in place on the
other side of the door. If it’s tight, proceed.
4. Press the knob that still has its set screw in place tightly against the rose on the
other side of the door. Turn the knob until one of the flat sides of the spindle is
facing up through the set screw hole. Replace the set screw, tightening it firmly
against the flat side of the spindle.
5. Operate the knob; you should be able to turn it freely
.
@S^ZOQW\UO>OaaOUS>`WdOQg]`9SgSR3\b`g:]QYaSb
It’s fairly easy to replace a set of doorknobs and latch with a modern doorknob—the
kind that attaches both knobs and engages the latch with two long screws. Remove
the screws, and then the knobs and trim will pull out easily. Then take the old set to
the store and purchase a new one by the same maker. The new set will install in the
reverse order that you removed the old set. All it takes is the right screwdriver; on
modern doorknob sets, usually a Phillips head. If the trim piece conceals the long
screws, you’ll need a standard (flat head) screwdriver or small pry bar to pry off the
trim piece.
If you’ve got the old-style doorknobs in your house, replacement is more problematic,
as these are not so standard. Refer to Appendix B for an old house parts supplier; they
may have the parts or replacements to do the job, and they work by fax or e-mail to
assist customers.
AQ`SS\O\RAb]`[2]]`a
Having an extra door can be helpful. In winter, a glass-windowed storm door adds an
extra layer of insulation to the door. Usually these doors have interchangeable storm
and screen panels. In summer, when you change to screens, you can get a nice breeze
going through your house when the entry doors are open and the screen doors are
closed. One problem with these extra doors is that the screens can get torn or loose
and need replacement. See Chapter 8 for instructions on repairing and replacing
screens.
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
""
/RXcabW\UbVS2]]`1Z]aS`
The other problem with storm/screen doors is that they usually operate with a
mechanical closer that may be too fast or too slow—either slapping into your ankles
or letting in flies along with the person who’s coming or going. The good news is that
this problem is incredibly easy to fix.
Let’s take a look at the most common mechani-
cal closer, the pneumatic variety. It looks a lot like a
bicycle pump.
This device is attached to the hinge jamb and (usu-
ally) the top rail of the door. When you need to hold
the door open, you can adjust the little washer shown
in the illustration to keep the door in place; move the
washer next to the tube when you want the door to
close as usual.
Pneumatic refers to a tool or
machine that is operated by
compressed air.
Pneumatic door closer.
Door mounting bracket
Hinge jamb
Jamb mounting bracket
Rod
Hold-open washer
Adjustment screw
To slow down or speed up the closing action, you’ll need to use a Phillips or standard
head screwdriver to turn the adjustment screw, usually located in the same position
on the closer as the one shown in the illustration. To slow the closing action, turn the
screw clockwise (righty, tighty). To speed up the door, turn the screw counterclockwise
(lefty, loosey).
1VO^bS`'( 2]]`a(/\=^S\O\RAVcb1OaS "#
7TG]c<SSRO<Se1Z]aS`
These door closers have a long life span.
But they eventually wear out, and install-
ing a new one is very easy. If you can find a
duplicate model, you can even use the same
screw holes for the brackets. If you have to
drill new holes, follow the closer package
instructions, use a torpedo level to make
sure the installation is level, and wear safety
goggles when you drill the bracket holes.
Just be sure to put a stop or bit of masking
tape on your drill bit at a length less than
the door’s thickness, so that you don’t drill
through the door!
:]QYO\R9Sg2WZS[[Oa
Usually, your key fits in its corresponding lock, the door opens, no problem. But when
glitches happen, here’s what to do.
9SgAbWQYaW\bVS:]QY
If the key does not go smoothly into and out of the keyhole, you can put a little
graphite on the key, and work it into the lock, or squeeze a little graphite into the key-
hole, and do the same.
9Sg0`SOYa=TTW\bVS:]QY
This happens, but don’t panic. Before you call the locksmith, try to grab whatever is
still sticking out of the lock with locking or needlenose pliers. Pull straight out. If the
key fragment won’t budge, try squirting a little lubricant into the lock, and try again
with the pliers. If this doesn’t do it, or if you can’t grip the key fragment that remains
in the lock, you’ll have to call the pro.
When you install a door
closer, you can position it
anywhere on the screen door,
as long as the jamb bracket is
unobstructed by other hardware;
however, it’s generally attached
along the top rail of the door, so
it doesn’t interfere or get tangled
with people and things pass-
ing by.
What Pros Know
>O`b ( AYW\2SS^(@S^OW`W\UAc`TOQSaO\R=^S\W\Ua
"$
:]QY7a4`]hS\
This occasionally happens when there’s been a lot of wet weather followed by bitter
cold; the moisture freezes and can find its way into keyholes, too. Keep a small con-
tainer of spray de-icer in your purse or other easily accessible place in the wintertime.
Spray a little on the keyhole, and it should break the ice in seconds. I’ve also heard
of people warming up the key with a hair dryer, but this isn’t going to work if you’re
locked outside the house!
:]QYSRW\>`WdOQg:]QY
If you have small children or live with elderly family members, the kids or seniors may
occasionally lock themselves into a room that is accessed with a privacy doorknob set;
that is, there’s a locking mechanism on the inside of the door. They lock themselves
in, and can’t get themselves out. And there’s no key on the exterior doorknob for you
to unlock.
You can first try to coax your elderly relative or child to turn the little locking mecha-
nism on the inside of the door to the “unlock” position. If that doesn’t work, try the
following fix. Assuming you have modern doorknobs, you can release them if you can
locate a slot or hole on the exterior doorknob, or on the rose (trim piece) of the exte-
rior doorknob. Use the tip of a metal nail file, or the point of a straightened paper clip
to push straight into the hole or slot. This will probably open the door. If it doesn’t,
you’ll have to call a locksmith.
While children are small, or seniors are living with you, consider changing from pri-
vacy to passage locks. My daughter locked herself in the bathroom when she was little,
and the experience scared her enough that she didn’t repeat it. However, kids and
elders alone in the bathroom are always at risk for an accident while they’re stuck.
7\abOZZW\UO>SS^V]ZS
If there is no way to see who’s on the other side of your exterior door, it’s a good idea
to install a peephole. You should never open the door if you don’t know the person
who’s there, or if the person will not identify himself/herself. You can buy peepholes
in the section of the hardware or home center where locks, keys, and other door secu-
rity equipment is sold. Look for one that has a vision field of 190˚, which will permit
the widest view of who’s standing outside your door.
* * * Free Preview End * * *
Purchase Required To Gain Total Access